Development of Chemometric Methods for Determining Caffeine Content in Robusta Coffee as Alternative Standardization Techniques

Theodorus Rexa Handoyo; Riesta Primaharinastiti; Mochammad Yuwono

doi:10.24071/jpsc.009242

Development of Chemometric Methods for Determining Caffeine Content in Robusta Coffee as Alternative Standardization Techniques

Theodorus Rexa Handoyo⁽¹⁾, Riesta Primaharinastiti⁽²⁾, Mochammad Yuwono^(3*),

(1) Airlangga University
(2) Airlangga University
(3) Airlangga University
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

There is a necessity for standardization to uphold coffee quality due to its frequent production and consumption. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) serves as the benchmark for caffeine analysis in coffee in Indonesia. However, its high cost has prompted the exploration of alternative methods. This study aims to obtain a suitable alternative method for determining the caffeine content in robusta coffee as an effort toward standardization. Employing statistical and mathematical techniques in chemistry, chemometrics emerges as a promising alternative in analyzing caffeine in coffee. The approach was integrated with an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer capable of analyzing substances across wavelengths from 200 to 400 nm. From the five replications, the HPLC method showed a caffeine content of 1.435 ± 0.011% (w/w), while the spectrophotometer showed a content of 1.723 ± 0.003% (w/w). Through the partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) methods in RStudio, the results obtained were 1.432 ± 0.003% and 1.430 ± 0.002% (w/w), respectively. These results indicate good REP values of 0.022% for PLSR and 0.155% for PCR. With these findings, it is hoped that chemometrics can become an alternative method for analyzing caffeine in coffee.

Keywords

Caffeine; Chemometrics; Coffee; Partial least square regression; Principal component regression

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adnan, Nauman M., Morlein, D., Pawelzik, E., 2020. Reliable discrimination of green coffee beans species: a comparison of UV-Vis-based determination of caffeine and chlorogenic acid with non-targeted near-infrared spectroscopy. Foods, 9 (6), 1-14.

AOAC International, 2019. AOAC Guidelines for Single Laboratory Validation of Chemical Methods for Dietary Supplements and Botanicals, Appendix K. Chemist: Virginia, USA.

Aprilia, F.R., Ayuliansari Y., Putri, T., Aziz, M.Y., Camelina, W.D., Putra, M.R., 2017. Analisis kandungan kafein dalam kopi tradisional gayo dan kopi Lombok menggunakan HPLC dan spektrofotometri UV/Vis. Biotika, 16 (2), 37-41.

Aryadi, I.M., Arfi, F, Harahap, M.R., 2020. Literature Review: Perbandingan kadar kafein dalam kopi robusta (Coffea canephora), kopi arabika (Coffea arabica), dan kopi liberika (Coffea liberica) dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Amina, 2(2), 64-70.

Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2002. Standar Nasional Indonesia: Kopi Bubuk. SNI 01-3542- 2004. Jakarta. Indonesian National Standardization Committee.

Decevi, G., Celik, E., Cemali, O., Sahim, T.O., Bayazit, A.D., Ozbay, S., Agagunduz, D., Karadag, M.G., 2023. Determination of caffeine amount of organic and conventional coffees. Records of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 3 (1), 14-20.

Dewi, N.V., Fajaryanti, N., Masruriati, E., 2017. Perbedaan kadar kafein pada ekstrak biji, kulit buah, dan daun kopi (Coffea arabica L.) dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Farmasetis, 6 (2), 29-38.

Elfariyanti, Silviana E., Santika, M., 2020. Analisis kandungan kafein pada kopi seduhan warung kopi di kota banda aceh. Lantanida Journal. 8 (1), 1-12.

Global Agricultural Information Network, 2019. Indonesia coffee annual report 2019 [WWW Document]. URL: https://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/MarketReport/Reports/Coffee_Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia (Accessed 6.4.22).

Hirjani, H., Mudasir, M., Pranowo, H.D., 2018. Prediction of high-performance liquid chromatography retention time for some organic compounds based on an initio QSPR study. Acta Chimica Asiana, 1(1), 24-29.

International Coffee Organization, 2022. Coffee Market Report [WWW Document]. URL: https://icocoffee.org/resources/coffee-market-report-statistics- section/ (Accessed 6.4.22).

Lantunra, 2021. Analisis kandungan kafein kopi (Coffea arabica) pada tingkat kematangan berbeda menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS. Jurnal Ilmu Alam dan Lingkungan, 12(1), 45- 50.

McCusker, R.R., Goldberger, B.A., Cone, E.J., 2003. Caffeine content of specialty coffees. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27(7), 520–522.

Nurhayati, N.R., Saputri FA., 2016. Artikel Review: Analisis amlodipin dengan metode KCKT dan spektrofotometri uv. Farmaka, 14 (1), 33-47.

Otto M., 2016. Chemometrics Statistic and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry, third edition. Wiley. Winheim.

Prastowo B., Karmawati E., Rubiyo, Siswanto, Indrawanto C., Munarso, S.J., 2010. Budidaya dan Pasca Panen Kopi. Eska Media, Jakarta.

Ribeiro, J.S., Augusto, F., Salva, T.J.G., Ferreira, M.M.C., 2012. Prediction models for arabica coffee beverage quality based on aroma analyses and chemometrics. Talanta. 101 (2012), 253-260.

RProject, 2024. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) [WWW Document]. URL: https://search.r- project.org/CRAN/refmans/chillR/html/RMSEP.html. (Accessed 12.2.24).

Short, S.M., Cogdill, R.P., Anderson, C.A., 2007 Determination of figures of merit for near- infrared and raman spectrometry by net analyte signal analysis for a 4-Component solid dosage system. AAPS PharmSciTech., 8(4), 1-11.

Suhandy D Yulia M., 2017. The Use of partial least square regression and spectral data in uv- visible region for quantification of adulteration in Indonesian palm civet coffee. International Journal of Food Science, 2017(1), 1-7.

Suhandy D,Yulia M., (2018) Identification of fresh and expired ground roasted robusta coffee using uv- visible spectroscopy and chemometrics. AASEC., 2018(197), 1-5.

Susanti, H., Araaf, N.P.M., Gunanto, D., Kusbandari, A., 2019. Perbandingan metode spektrofotometri UV dan HPLC pada penetapan kadar kafein dalam kopi. Majalah Farmasetika, 4(1), 28-33.

Ulfa, A.M., Novita, 2018. Perbandingan kadar kafein dalam seduhan kopi bubuk dan teh bubuk dengan metode spektrofotometri UV. Jurnal Analis Farmasi, 3(3), 215- 222.

Wanyika, H,N,, Gatebe, E.G., Gitu, L.M., Ngumba, E.K., Maritim, C.W., 2010. Determination of caffeine content of tea and instant coffee brands found in The Kenyan Market. African Journal of Food Science, 4(6), 353- 358.

US Pharmacopeial Convention, 2023. "General Chapter <1225> Validation of compendial procedures." In US Pharmacopeia (46th ed.). Rockville, MD. US Pharmacopeial Convention.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.009242