A SURVEY OF ANTIBIOTICS PURCHASED WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION AMONG NON-HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS IN JEMBER, INDONESIA

Antonius Nugraha Widhi Pratama; Anis Rohmawati; Ema Rachmawati

doi:10.24071/jpsc.001032

A SURVEY OF ANTIBIOTICS PURCHASED WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION AMONG NON-HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS IN JEMBER, INDONESIA

Antonius Nugraha Widhi Pratama^(1*), Anis Rohmawati⁽²⁾, Ema Rachmawati⁽³⁾,

(1) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember
(2) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember
(3) Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Previous research showed that self-medication practice with antibiotics is widespread in developing countries and tertiary students are among these consumers. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the use of antibiotics without prescription among non-health science students in Jember and to identify the sources of non-prescription antibiotics. This cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2016 in all non-health science faculties of Universitas Jember. A questionnaire containing four main short questions about antibiotics use and questions related to socio-demographic information was distributed to students who gave consent. A number of 130 (58.5%) respondents admitted to ever acquire antibiotics without the presence of a physician prescription. Self-medication with antibiotics tended to be done by students from rural areas (p=0.04) and without health insurance (p=0.04). The sources of non-prescription antibiotics vary, but pharmacy was the most frequently cited to be the source (n=82; 46.3%). This study showed that the use of antibiotics without prescription among non-health science students and the sale of antibiotics without prescription among pharmacies in Jember are prevalent. Real responses from the government, relevant health professional associations, and education institutions to intervene these problems are significantly needed.

Keywords

antibiotics; Jember; non-health science students; self-medication

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aoyama, I., Koyama, S., and Hibino, H., 2012. Self-medication behaviors among Japanese consumers: sex, age, and SES differences and caregivers attitudes toward their children's health management. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 11(1), 7.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 2013. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Bertoldi, A. D., Camargo, A. L., Silveira, M. P., Menezes, A. M., Assuncao, M. C., Goncalves, H., and Hallal, P. C., 2014. Self-medication among adolescents aged 18 years: the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(2), 175-81.

Clement, Y. N., 2009. Herbal self-medication at primary health care facilities in Trinidad. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15 (1), 6-7.

Directorate General of Pharmaceutical Services and Medical Devices, 1949. Undang-Undang (Ordonansi) Obat-Obat Keras, Staatblad No. 419.

Donkor, E. S., Tetteh-Quarcoo, P. B., Nartey, P., and Agyeman, I. O., 2012. Self-medication practices with antibiotics among tertiary level students in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(10), 3519-3529.

Du, Y., and Knopf, H., 2009. Self-medication among children and adolescents in Germany: results of the National Health Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68 (4), 599-608.

Eticha, T., and Mesfin, K., 2014. Self-medication practices in Mekelle, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 9 (5), e97464.

Gillani, A. H., Ji, W., Hussain, W., Imran, A., Chang, J., Yang, C., and Fang, Y., 2017. Antibiotic self-medication among non-medical iniversity students in Punjab, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (10).

Guinovart, M. C., Figueras, A., Llop, J. C., and Llor, C., 2015. Obtaining antibiotics without prescription in Spain in 2014: even easier now than 6 years ago. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 70 (4), 1270-1271.

Hadi, U., van den Broek, P., Kolopaking, E. P., Zairina, N., Gardjito, W., Gyssens, I. C., and Amrin, S. G., 2010. Cross-sectional study of availability and pharmaceutical quality of antibiotics requested with or without prescription (over the counter) in Surabaya, Indonesia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10.

Hassali, M. A., Shafie, A. A., Al-Qazaz, H., Tambyappa, J., Palaian, S., and Hariraj, V., 2011. Self-medication practices among adult population attending community pharmacies in Malaysia: an exploratory study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 33 (5), 794-799.

Health Minister of the Republic of Indonesia, 1986. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan no 02396/A/SK/VIII/86 tentang tanda khusus obat keras daftar G. Jakarta: Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Jerez-Roig, J., Medeiros, L. F., Silva, V. A., Bezerra, C. L., Cavalcante, L. A., Piuvezam, G., and Souza, D. L., 2014. Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors in an elderly population: a systematic review. Drugs & Aging, 31 (12), 883-896.

Khanra, S., and Sen, S., 2016. Chronic self-medication with amlodipine for headache in a young adult with depression. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 10 (3), 201-203.

Llor, C., 2015. Antibiotics without prescription: more cons than pros. British Medical Journal, 351, h4202.

Mehuys, E., Gevaert, P., Brusselle, G., Van Hees, T., Adriaens, E., Christiaens, T., Van Bortel, L., Van Tongelen, I., Remon, J. P., and Boussery, K., 2014. Self-medication in persistent rhinitis: overuse of decongestants in half of the patients. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice, 2(3), 313-319.

Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 1993. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan no 919/Menkes/Per/X/1993 tentang kriteria obat yang dapat diserahkan tanpa resep. Jakarta: Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Morgan, D. J., Okeke, I. N., Laxminarayan, R., Perencevich, E. N., and Weisenberg, S., 2011. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11(9), 692-701.

Ocan, M., Obuku, E. A., Bwanga, F., Akena, D., Richard, S., Ogwal-Okeng, J., and Obua, C., 2015. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health, 15, 742.

Olayemi, O. J., Olayinka, B. O., and Musa, A. I. 2010. Evaluation of antibiotic self-medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (main campus), Zaria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology, 2 (1), 35-38.

President of the Republic of Indonesia, 2009. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia no 51 Tahun 2009 tentang pekerjaan kefarmasian. Jakarta: Presiden Republik Indonesia.

Ruiz, M.E., 2010. Risks of self-medication practices. Current Drug Safety, 5 (4), 315-323.

Sarahroodi, S., Arzi, A., Sawalha, A. F., and Ashtarinezhad, A., 2010. Antibiotics self-medication among Southern Iranian University students. International Journal of Pharmacology, 6 (1).

Selvaraj, K., Kumar, S. G., and Ramalingam, A., 2014. Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 5 (1), 32-36.

Shaghaghi, A., Asadi, M., and Allahverdipour, H., 2014. Predictors of self-medication behavior: a systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43 (2), 11.

Shah, S. J., Ahmad, H., Rehan, R. B., Najeeb, S., Mumtaz, M., Jilani, M. H., Rabbani, M. S., Alam, M. Z., Farooq, S. F., and Kadir, M. M., 2014. Self- medication with antibiotics among non-medical university students of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 15 (74).

Skliros, E., Merkouris, P., Papazafiropoulou, A., Gikas, A., Matzouranis, G., Papafragos, C., Tsakanikas, I., Zarbala, I., Vasibosis, A., Stamataki, P., and Sotiropoulos, A., 2010. Self-medication with antibiotics in rural population in Greece: a cross-sectional multicenter study. BMC Family Practice, 11, 58.

Widayati, A., Suryawati, S., de Crespigny, C., and Hiller, J. E., 2011. Self medication with antibiotics in Yogyakarta City Indonesia: a cross sectional population-based survey. BMC Research Notes, 4, 491.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.001032