ATTENTION TO PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL GROUP REPRESENTATION IN GUIDANCE FOR USING MASS MEDIA IN ENGLISH EDUCATION
(1) Purdue University, United States
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
While media studies amply document problematic social group representation in mass media materials, how English language educators are equipped to address these issues when they engage in the common practice of appropriating such artifacts for teaching is unclear. This research responds by collecting 319 prominent Internet sources providing guidance on using mass media materials for language learning and subjecting them to a content analysis. This analysis draws upon ten forms of problematic social group portrayal in the mass media as a conceptual lens. Analysis results indicate little attention to ableism, ageism, Christonormativity, classism, colorism, gender bias, heternormativity, lookism/sizeism, racism, and urbanormativity with articles universally acclaiming the integration of mass media materials into language teaching, primarily on the grounds of “authenticity.” Defined as materials authored by and for native speakers, this is an authenticity insensitive to authentic social group representation. This research is significant because of teacher reliance on the Internet as a source of materials, because of the global reach of English language teaching, the power of mass media, especially for youth socialization, and because there is a lack of previous research concerning how language teachers are trained to consider problematic social group representation in mass media artifacts.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams-Bass, V., Stevenson, H., & Kotzin, D. (2014). Black media stereotypes and their relationship to the racial identity, black history knowledge, and racial socialization of African American youth. Journal of Black Studies, 45(5), 367–395.
Ahmad, M. (2010). Mass media, the rights of the disabled people of Bangladesh: A critical overview. Journal of Media Studies, 30(2), 132–154.
Ahmed, S. (2017). Authentic ELT materials in the language classroom: An overview. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4(2), 181–202.
Akintunde, F., & Famogbiyele, T. (2018). Authenticity and adaptation of instructional materials in English as a foreign language (EFL) class. Continental Journal of Education Research, 11(1), 1–20.
Amazue, L. (2014). The contributions of media, body image concerns, and locality to the perceived self-esteem of female Nigerian adolescents. Gender & Behaviour, 12(1), 6113–6124.
Anderson-Fye, E. (2018). Cultural influences on body image and eating disorders. In W. S. Agras & A. Robinson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eating disorders (pp. 187–210). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arnó-Macià, E. (2012). The role of technology in teaching languages for specific purposes courses. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 89–104.
Arudou, D. (2015). Japan’s under-researched visible minorities: Applying critical race theory to racialization dynamics in a non-white society. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 14(4), 695–723.
Asr, F., Mazraeh, M., Lopes, A., Gautam, V., Gonzales, J., Rao, P., & Taboada, M. (2021). The gender gap tracker: Using natural language processing to measure gender bias in media. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0245533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245533
Azmi, N. (2017). The benefits of using ICT in the EFL classroom: From perceived utility to potential challenges. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 7(1), 111–118.
Badan, A., & Onishchenko, N. (2021). Multimedia technologies in foreign language learning under the pandemic. 5th International on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Systems, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Baleghizadeh, S., & Gordani, Y. (2012). Core units of spoken grammar in global ELT textbooks. Issues in Language Teaching, 1(1), 33–58.
Bassett, D. (2003). Ruralism. Iowa Law Review, 273, 275–342.
Beale, S. (2006). The news media’s influence on criminal justice policy: How market-driven news promotes punitiveness. William and Mary Law Review, 48(2), 397–481.
Beasley, V. (2020). The trouble with marching: Ableism, visibility, and exclusion of people with disabilities. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 50(3), 166–174.
Becker, H. J. (1998). Internet use by teachers: Conditions of professional use and teacher-directed student use. Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations. The University of California, Irvine, and The University of Minnesota.
Belaid, A., & Murray, L. (2015). Using authentic materials in the foreign language classrooms: Teacher attitudes and perceptions in Libyan universities. International Journal of Learning & Development, 5(3), 25–38.
Bender, P., Plante, C., & Gentile, D. (2018). The effects of violent media content on aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 104–108.
Benowitz-Fredericks, C., Garcia, K., Massey, M., Vasagar, B., & Borzekowski, D. (2012). Body image, eating disorders, and the relationship to adolescent Media use. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 59, 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.03.017
Berbain, M., Banegas, D., & Beacon, G. (2021). Introduction: Diversity in ELT. In M. Berbain, D. Banegas, & G. Beacon (Eds.), International perspectives on diversity in ELT (pp. 1–17). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bernardo, S. (2006). The use of authentic materials in the teaching of reading. The Reading Matrix, 6(2), 64-66.
Bryan, L. (1977). A formative and summative evaluation of a listening comprehension curriculum model for French using authentic controlled audio materials (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis). Florida State University, Tallahassee.
Cho, H., & Johnson, P. (2020). Racism and sexism in superhero movies: Critical race media literacy in the Korean high school classroom. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 22(2), 66–86.
Chowdhury, R., & Kabir, A. (2014). Language wars: English education policy and practice in Bangladesh. Multilingual Education, 4(21), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13616-014-0021-2
Crawford, P., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Grand images: Exploring images of grandparents in picture books. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(1), 128–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2013.853004
David, P., & Nelson-Kakulla, B. (2019). Grandparents embrace changing attitudes and technology. Washington D.C.: AARP.
Decker, S. (1958). Adapting audio-visual techniques to language instruction. The Modern Language Journal, 42(2), 69–77.
Diedrichs, P., Lee, C., & Kelly, M. (2011). Seeing the beauty in everyday people: A qualitative study of young Australians’ opinions on body image, the mass media, and models. Body Image, 8, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.003
Dubow, E., Huesmann, R., & Greenwood, D. (2007). Media and youth socialization: Underlying processes and moderators of effects. In J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 404–430). New York: The Guilford Press.
Ethan, E. (2015, April 4). RealLife English. Retrieved from https://reallifeglobal.com/why-you-should-learn-english-with-tv-series/
Ferber, A. (2012). The culture of privilege: Color-blindness, postfeminism, and Christonormativity. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01736.x
Ferlazzo, L. (2012). Eight ways to use video with English-language learners. Marin County, CA: George Lucas Educational Foundation.
Fryling, M., Johnston, C., & Hayes, L. (2011). Understanding observational learning: An interbehavioral approach. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27, 191–203.
Genner, S., & Süss, D. (2017). Socialization as media effect. In P. Rössler, C. Hoffner, & L. van Zoonen (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media effects (pp. 1890–1904). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138
Giovanelli, D., & Ostertag, S. (2009). Controlling the body: Media representations, body size, and self-discipline. In E. Rothblum & S. Solovay (Eds.), The fat studies reader (pp. 289–298). New York, NY: New York University Press.
Gofton, W., & Regehr, G. (2006). What we don’t know we are teaching: Unveiling the hidden curriculum. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 449, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000224024.96034.b2
Goodrich, E. (2023, April 8). Top 10 most popular search engines in 2023. Association of Internet Specialists. Retrieved from https://aofirs.org/articles/top-10-search-engines-in-the-world
Hall, R. E. (2018). Media stereotypes and “coconut” colorism: Latino denigration vis-à-vis dark skin. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(14), 2007–2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218810742
Hashmi, N. (2016). Implementing multi-media as a pedagogical tool in an EFL classroom: Benefits and barriers. Journal of Arts & Humanities, 5(9), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v5i9.999
Hayden, K. (2013). Inbred horror: Degeneracy, revulsion, and fear of the rural community. In G. Fulkerson & A. Thomas (Eds.), Studies in urbanormativity: Rural community in urban society (pp. 181–205). Lanham: Lexington Books.
Henneberg, S. (2010). Moms do badly, but grandmas do worse: The nexus of sexism and ageism in children's classics. Journal of Aging Studies, 24, 125–134. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaging.2008.10.003
Huebener, T. (1960). Audio-visual techniques in teaching foreign languages. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Ito, T., Kubota, K., & Ohtake, F. (2015). The hidden curriculum and social preferences (ISER discussion paper). Osaka University, Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2710499
Jansson, A. (2013). The hegemony of the urban/rural divide: Cultural transformations and mediatized moral geographies in Sweden. Space and Culture, 16(1), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331212452816
Jeong, K. (2018). Developing EFL learners’ communicative competence through multimedia-assisted language learning. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 96(5), 1367–1376.
Kaba, A., & Said, R. (2015). Open access awareness, use, and perception: A case study of AAU faculty members. New Library World, 116(1/2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/NLW-05-2014-0053
Kaplan, A. (2018). Using videos for teaching language. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago. Retrieved from https://academictech.uchicago.edu/2018/10/24/using-videos-for-teaching-language/
Kellner, D. (2020). Media culture: Cultural studies, identity, and politics in the contemporary moment (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429244230
Kidman, J., Yen, C., & Abrams, E. (2013). Indigenous students’ experiences of the hidden curriculum in science education: A cross-national study in New Zealand and Taiwan. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 11, 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-012-9365-9
Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls. Media Psychology, 21(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392
Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. (2007). Messages about physical attractiveness in animated cartoons. Body Image, 3, 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.08.001
Landau, J. (2009). Straightening out (the politics of) same-sex parenting: Representing gay families in us print news stories and photographs. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26(1), 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295030802684018
Langer, A. (2018). Christonormativity as religious neutrality. In B. Scharffs, A. Maoz & A. I. Woolley (Eds.), Religious freedom and the law (pp. 182–195). London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315149707
Learning English with TV Series. (n.d.). TEFL Barcelona. Retrieved from https://teflbarcelona.net/learning-english-with-tv-series/
Leong, S. (2006). Who's the fairest of them all? Television ads for skin-whitening cosmetics in Hong Kong. Asian Ethnicity, 7(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360600736215
Leopold, T., & Skopek, J. (2015). The demography of grandparenthood: An international profile. Social Forces, 94(2), 801–832. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24754235
Marmol, E. (2018). Alternative media as a critical pedagogical intervention against neoliberalism and racism. Democratic Communiqué, 27(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.7275/democratic-communique.188
McCabe, J., Fairchild, E., Grauerholz, L., Pescosolido, B., & Tope, D. (2011). Gender in twentieth-century children’s books: Patterns of disparity in titles and central characters. Gender & Society, 25(2), 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243211398358
Menashy, F. (2009). Education as a global public good: The applicability and implications of a framework. Globalization, Societies and Education, 7(3), 307–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767720903166111
Meyer, M., & Kandic, A. (2017). Grandparenting in the United States. Innovation in Aging, 1(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx023
Mosharafa, E. (2015). All you need to know about: The cultivation theory. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Arts & Humanities – Psychology, 15(8), 23–37.
Moss, J. (2017). Why Harry met Sally: Subversive Jewishness, Anglo-Christian power, and the rhetoric of modern love. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Ng, R. (2021). Societal age stereotypes in the U.S. and U.K. from a media database of 1.1 billion words. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 8822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168822
O’Neill, M. (2009). Invisible structures of opportunity: How media depictions of race trivialize issues of diversity and disparity. Washington DC: The Frameworks Institute.
Otterbacher, J., Demartini, G., Checco, A., & Clough, P. (2019). Investigating user perception of gender bias in image search: The role of sexism. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3209978.3210094
Papp, I., Urbán, R., Czeglédi, E., Babusa, B., & Túry, F. (2013). Testing the tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance among Hungarian adolescents. Body Image, 10, 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.12.006
Pehlivanli-Kadayifci, E. (2019). Exploring the hidden curriculum of gender in engineering education: A case of an engineering faculty in Turkey. International Journal of Engineering Education, 35(4), 1194–1205.
Porter, D., & Roberts, J. (1981). Authentic listening activities. ELT Journal, 36(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/36.1.37
Priyanti, N. (2018). Representations of people with disabilities in an Indonesian newspaper: A critical discourse analysis. Disability Studies Quarterly, 38(4).
Rokni, S., & Ataee, A. (2014). Movies in EFL classrooms: With or without subtitles. The Dawn Journal, 3(1), 715–726.
Ryabov, I. (2013). Colorism and school-to-work and school-to-college transitions of African American adolescents. Race and Social Problems, 5(1), 15–27. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s12552-012-9081-7
Saeedi, Z., & Biri, A. (2016). The application of technology in teaching grammar to EFL learners: The role of animated sitcoms. Teaching English with Technology, 16(2), 18–39.
Sendén, M., Sikström, S., & Lindholm, T. (2015). “She” and “he” in news media messages: Pronoun use reflects gender biases in semantic contexts. Sex Roles, 72, 40–49.
Shaw, J. (2010). Education–a bad public good? The Independent Review, 15(2), 241–256. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562365
Shirley, C. (2010). "You might be a redneck if ..." Boundary work among rural, southern whites. Social Forces, 89(1), 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0081
Shor, E., van de Rijt, A., & Fotouhi, B. (2019). A large-scale test of gender bias in the media. Sociological Science, 6, 526–550. https://doi.org/10.15195/v6.a20
Specht, A., & Beam, B. (2015). Prince farming takes a wife: Exploring the use of agricultural imagery and stereotypes on ABC’s The Bachelor. Journal of Applied Communications, 99(4), 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1055
Steele, C. (2016). Pride and prejudice: Pervasiveness of colorism and the animated series Proud Family. Howard Journal of Communications, 27(1), 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2015.1117028
Steinberg, S. (2010). Hollywood’s missionary agenda: Christonormativity and audience baptism. In B. Frymer, T. Kashani, A. Nocella, & R. van Heertum (Eds.), Hollywood's exploited: Public pedagogy, corporate movies, and cultural crisis (pp. 45–64). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Topić, M. (2017). “Do you even understand what off the rack means?” Americanization and Jewish identities in the television series Friends. International Journal of Religion and Society, 5(2), 119–140.
Trinh, E., & Sachs, G. (2023). Thinking queer with Vietnamese EFL textbooks. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2023.2190524
Tyler, I. (2008). “Chav Mum Chav Scum” Class disgust in contemporary Britain. Feminist Media Studies, 8(2), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770701824779
Using pictures to teach English. (n.d.). English teaching 101. Retrieved from https://englishteaching101.com/activities-using- pictures-to-teach-English/
Valkenburg, P. (2015). The limited informativeness of meta-analyses of media effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 680–682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691615592237
Warschauer, M., Shetzer, H., & Meloni, C. (2000). Internet for English teaching. TESL-EJ: Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 5(1), 1-4.
Whitney, E. (2017). The sex that God can’t see: Heteronormativity, whiteness, and the erasure of queer desire in popular media. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 4(2), 143–149.
Wiik, C. (2021). Best TV shows for kids learning Spanish - mama llama linguist. Retrieved from https://mamallamalinguist.com/tv-shows-kids-learning-spanish/
Yoneda, S., & Shreves, K. (2015). What do Japanese student teachers need to improve to teach English to Japanese elementary school children?: An investigation of student teachers’ English proficiency from a linguistics perspective. Memoirs of Hokuriku Gakuin University, Hokuriku Gakuin Junior College, 8, 241–252.
Young, S. (2016). Wild, wonderful, white criminality: Images of “white trash” appalachia. Critical Criminology, 25, 103–117. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-016-9326-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v27i1.7927
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Charles Allen Brown
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Indexed and abstracted in:
LLT Journal Sinta 1 Certificate (S1 = Level 1)
We would like to inform you that LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching has been nationally accredited Sinta 1 by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia based on the decree No. Surat Keputusan 169/E/KPT/2024. Validity for 5 years: Vol ... No 1, 20... till Vol ... No 2, 20...
Sinta 1 certificate to post here asap. Thank you for your patience and understanding.
This work is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt, e-ISSN 2579-9533 and p-ISSN 1410-7201, is published twice a year, namely in April and October by the English Language Education Study Programme of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.