Richard Ahadi Christanda Christanda; Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani

doi:10.24071/joll.v19i2.2132

Binary Opposition as the Manifestation of the Spirit of Meiji in Natsume S?sekis Kokoro

Richard Ahadi Christanda Christanda^(1*), Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani⁽²⁾,

(1) Universitas Sanata Dharma
(2) Universitas Sanata Dharma
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Every period in history has its own unique identity. Meiji period in historical Japan is no exception to this, having its own identity called the spirit of Meiji. This research attempts to reveal this identity, which present in the story of Kokoro, by using binary opposition. Binary opposition allows comparing and examining contradicting elements. Since the spirit of Meiji is defined as having two contradictory elements, therefore, binary opposition is suitable for revealing the spirit of Meiji.

The goal of this research is to show how binary opposition constitutes as a crucial element to the unique identity of Meiji period, which is the spirit of Meiji. In order to achieve this, two research problems are used as guides. One is how story of Kokoro presents the binary oppositions and two is how the spirit of Meiji manifests in the binary oppositions.

In this research, library research was conducted in order to collect the relevant data. It uses texts in both printed form and digital form. The primary source for the research is the novel Kokoro by NatsumeS?seki while the secondary sources are taken from various books and articles.

The first step in explaining the spirit of Meiji is to examine the binary oppositions within in the story. The binary oppositions itself are revealed through the characters and the setting of the story. Through these two elements, five binary oppositions are revealed. They are past against present, old against young, rural against urban, community against privacy, and family against individual. These binary oppositions are then compared to the situation in real-world Meiji period in order to validate whether they really are the spirit of Meiji or not. It is then, through this direct comparison, the binary oppositions are found mirroring the situation in the real Meiji period. Therefore, it can be concluded that binary opposition is the manifestation of the identity of Meiji period, which is the spirit of Meiji.

Keywords

binary opposition; Meiji period; spirit of Meiji

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abrams, Meyer Howard & Geoffrey Galt Harpham. (2011). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Barry, Peter. (2009). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Barthes, Roland. (2002). S/Z (Richard Miller, Trans.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Frdric, Louis. (2002). Japan Encyclopedia (Kthe Roth, Trans.). Cambridge: Belknap Press.

Fukuchi, Isamu. (1993). Kokoro and the Spirit of Meiji. MonumentaNipponica, 48(4), 469-488. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385293

Holman, Clarence Hugh. (1980). A Handbook to Literature. Indianapolis: ITT Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing Company, Inc.

Murphy, Murtagh John. (1972). Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Myszka, Zachary. (2015). Ojosan and Emotion in Kokoro (Research Paper). Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/ 16856335 /Ojosan_and_Emotion_-in_Kokoro

Pyle, Kenneth B. (1969). New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems of Cultural Identity, 1885-1895. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ricci, Jadon. (2016). The Devil in Ones Heart: Traumatic Betrayal and its Consequences in NatsumeS?sekisKokoro (Research Paper). Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/33147820/The_Devil_in_Ones_Heart_Traumatic_Betrayal_and_its_Consequences_in_Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki_s_Kokoro

Smith, Greg. (1996). Binary opposition and sexual power in Paradise Lost. The Midwest Quarterly, 27(4), 383. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00263451&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA18521262&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=fulltext

S?seki, Natsume. (1966). ???? [S?sekiZenshu?] (Vol. 13). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

S?seki, Natsume. (1969). Kokoro (Edwin McClellan, Trans.). Singapore: Tuttle Publishing.

Soukhanov, Anne H., David A. Jost, Kaethe Ellis et al. (Eds.). (1992). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Tyson, Lois. (2006). Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. New York: Routledge.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v19i2.2132