RECONCEPTUALIZING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE PHILIPPINES: INTERPLAY OF JOURNALING AND EMOTIONS
(1) Central Luzon State University, Philippines
(2) Central Luzon State University, Philippines
(3) Fowler Elementary School District, Arizona, United States of America
(4) Central Luzon State University, Philippines
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
While language teaching focuses on structural aspects, intricacies of any language come along with schema and emotion. Journaling, recognized as reflective-effective language teaching strategy, augmenting lifelong skills, remains underexplored in its interplay with language and emotions in second language teaching and learning. This phenomenological qualitative research determined the impact of journaling on ESL learners’ writing and emotional aspects. Responses of 61 Grade 8 ESL learners from provincial laboratory Science high school in Central Luzon, Philippines, during the Academic Year 2023-2024, were chosen through non-probability sampling method. After a series of in-depth face-to-face interviews guided by a set of 10 validated self-developed guide questions, responses were systematically arranged, coded, analyzed, characterized, and thematically interpreted. Findings reveal that through journaling, ESL learners showed engaging and positive language learning experience. While approaching journal writing tasks, the ESL learners involved a piece of themselves, transcending writing at a personal-academic level rather than structural-technical alone. As ESL learners improved language and emotional skills through journaling, they were still cognizant of being judged by peers and teachers. This research contributes to comprehensive understanding of reflective writing practices in language education, providing evidence-based insights for educators and policymakers to enhance both academic and emotional aspects of ESL learners’ experiences.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alharti, S. (2021). From instructed writing to free-writing: A study of EFL learners. SAGE Open, 11(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211007112
Alt, D., Raichel, N., & Naamati-Schneider, L. (2022). Higher education students’ reflective journal writing and lifelong learning skills: Insights from an exploratory sequential study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1), Article 707168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707168
Al-Wasy, B. Q. (2020). The effectiveness of integrating technology in EFL/ESL writing: A meta-analysis. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 17(4), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-03-2020-0033
Avramenko, A. P., Davydova, M. A., & Burikova, S. A. (2018). The defeat of radical singularism in Russian, English and French literature. Training, Language and Culture, 2(4), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.29366/2018tlc.2.4.4
Baharuddin, A. F., Nur, S., & Isma, A. (2022). Teaching strategy in enriching the EFL students’ vocabulary through literature. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 25(1), 250-262. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v25i1.4105
Baharudin, F., Ramli, N. H. L., Habali, A. H. M., Azmi, A. A., & Rahmat, N. H. (2023). Process of Writing: The challenges in writing skill among ESL learners. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(10), 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i10/18649
Bai, B., & Wang, J. (2023). Conceptualizing self-regulated reading-to-write in ESL/EFL writing and investigating its relationships to motivation and writing competence. Language Teaching Research, 27(5), 1193-1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820971740
Barbagallo, M. S. (2021). Nursing students’ perceptions and experiences of reflective practice: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2020.07.006
Bensalem, E., & Thompson, A. S. (2022). Multilingual effects on EFL learning: A comparison of foreign language anxiety and self-confidence experienced by bilingual and multilingual tertiary students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(7), 2653-2667. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2021.1943306
Botes, E. L., Dewaele, J. M., & Greiff, S. (2020). The power to improve: Effects of multilingualism and perceived proficiency on enjoyment and anxiety in foreign language learning. European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 279-306. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2020-0003
Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as a phenomenologist views it. Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology, 48-71. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570572700073621760
Coore, J.A. (2022). Emotional and attentional regulation: Impact of trauma and journal writing. The Nebraska Educator, 6(22), 48-71. https://doi.org/10.32873/unl.dc.ne033
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
De los Ríos, C. V. (2020). Writing oneself into the curriculum: Photovoice journaling in a secondary ethnic studies course. Written Communication, 37(4), 487-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088320938794
Denton, A. W. (2018). The use of a reflective learning journal in an introductory statistics course. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 17(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725717728676
Derakhshan, A., & Zare, J. (2023). The impact of altruistic teaching on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ emotion regulation: An intervention study. Brain Sciences, 13(3), Article 13030458. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030458
Dewi, U. (2021). Students’ perceptions: Using writing process approach in EFL writing class. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(2), 988-997. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.555
Doqarini, V.R. & Heydarnejad, T. (2023). The effect of emotion-based language instruction on improvement of the four main skills in second language education. MEXTESOL Journal 47(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.61871/mj.v47n2-13
Edú-Valsania, S., Laguía, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Burnout: A review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), Article 19031780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780
Farrell, T. S., & Avejic, V. (2020). “Students are my life”: Reflections of one novice EFL teacher in Central America. TESL Canada Journal, 37(3), 47–63. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v37i3.1345
Farrell, T.S.C. (2025). ‘Bending back’ to move forward: Contemplating reflective practice in TESOL. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 29(2), Article 29114s1. https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.29114s1
Fitria, N. A., Martina, F., & Khairiyani, S. (2014). The effects of time constraints on students’ writing performance. In The 61st TEFLIN International Conference Proceedings (pp. 1176–1182). Surakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Sebelas Maret. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43025177.pdf
Griggs, V., Holden, R., Lawless, A., & Rae, J. (2018). From reflective learning to reflective practice: Assessing transfer. Studies in Higher Education, 43(7), 1172-1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1232382
Hammad, E. (2022). The effect of using personal experience journals on writing fluency and writing anxiety of Al-Aqsa University EFL students. World Journal of English Language, 12(1), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p301
Huang, X., Lee, J. C. K., & Frenzel, A. C. (2020). Striving to become a better teacher: Linking teacher emotions with informal teacher learning across the teaching career. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), Article 01067. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01067
Jajarmi, H. (2019). Emotioncy-based language instruction: A key to enhancing EFL learners’ vocabulary retention. Applied Research on English Language. 8(2), 207-226. https://doi.org/10.22108/are.2019.114399.1388
Jarvis, M. A., & Baloyi, O. B. (2020). Scaffolding in reflective journaling: A means to develop higher order thinking skills in undergraduate learners. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 12(1), Article 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100195
Jin, Y., Zhang, L. J., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2020). Contracting students for the reduction of foreign language classroom anxiety: An approach nurturing positive mindsets and behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), Article 01471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01471
Karnieli-Miller, O., Michael, K., Gothelf, A. B., Palombo, M., & Meitar, D. (2021). The associations between reflective ability and communication skills among medical students. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(1), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.06. 028
Kessler, M. (2023). Supplementing mobile-assisted language learning with reflective journal writing: A case study of Duolingo users’ metacognitive awareness. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 36(5-6), 1040-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1968914
Khezrlou, S. (2020). The role of task repetition with direct written corrective feedback in L2 writing complexity, accuracy and fluency. Journal of Second Language Studies, 3(1), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.19025.khe
Kim, Y., Choi, B., Yun, H., Kim, B., & Choi, S. (2022). Task repetition, synchronous written corrective feedback and the learning of Korean grammar: A classroom-based study. Language Teaching Research, 26(6), 1106-1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820912354
Kim-Godwin, Y. S., Kim, S. S., & Gil, M. (2020). Journaling for self-care and coping in mothers of troubled children in the community. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(2), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.02.005
Lee, I. (2020). Utility of focused/comprehensive written corrective feedback research for authentic L2 writing classrooms. Journal of Second Language Writing, 49(1), Article 100734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2020.100734
Li, M., & Pei, L. (2024). Exploring challenges in academic language-related skills of EFL learners in Chinese EMI settings. Acta Psychologica, 247(1), Article 104309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104309
Liu, Z., Xie, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, D., Yin, H., & Shi, L. (2023). Factors associated with academic burnout and its prevalence among university students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), Article 04316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04316-y
MacIsaac, A., Mushquash, A. R., & Wekerle, C. (2023). Writing yourself well: Dispositional self-reflection moderates the effect of a smartphone app-based journaling intervention on psychological wellbeing across time. Behaviour Change, 40(4), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2022.24
Majchrzak, O., & Ostrogska, P. (2022). Journal writing–students’ voices. Językoznawstwo, 17(2), 253-274. https://doi.org/10.25312/2391-5137.17/2022_18ompo
Mardiningrum, A., & Adriyanthi, N. (2023). Poetry for EFL classroom: students’ self-expression and the creative process behind its creation. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 13(2), 610-627. http://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/jefl
Matias, N. A. G., Bartolome, P. H. D., Carreon, S. L. R., Tallara, F. M. L., & Villarama, J. A. (2024). Meme-ingful actions: Uncovering the influence of political memes on leadership performance and values formation. Language, Technology, and Social Media, 2(2), 204-219. https://doi.org/10.70211/ltsm.v2i2.1
Nadeem, Z., Shah, S. K. A., & Yasmin, F. (2024). Exploring the relationship between creativity and narrative writing proficiency of Pakistani undergraduate ESL learners. International Journal of Linguistics and Culture, 5(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v5i1.257
Nückles, M., Roelle, J., Glogger-Frey, I., Waldeyer, J., & Renkl, A. (2020). The self-regulation-view in writing-to-learn: Using journal writing to optimize cognitive load in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 32(4), 1089-1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09541-1
Rana, L. B. (2018). The use of dialogue journals in an ESL writing class from Vygotskyan perspective. Journal of NELTA Surkhet, 5(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3126/jns.v5i0.19481
Reed, D. (2022). The effects of expressive interactive journaling on word fluency in seventh-grade English language arts students. Creative Education. 13(5), 1737-1759. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.135110
Ruini, C., & Mortara, C. C. (2022). Writing technique across psychotherapies—from traditional expressive writing to new positive psychology interventions: A narrative review. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 53(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-021-09520-9
Shafiee Rad, H., & Jafarpour, A. (2023). Effects of well-being, grit, emotion regulation, and resilience interventions on L2 learners’ writing skills. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 39(3), 228-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2022.2096517
Skar, G. B. U., Graham, S., & Huebner, A. (2022). Learning loss during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of emergency remote instruction on first grade students’ writing: A natural experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(7), 1553–1566. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000701
Soodmand Afshar, H., and Farahani, M. (2018). Inhibitors to EFL teachers’ reflective teaching and EFL learners’ reflective thinking and the role of teaching experience and academic degree in reflection perception. Reflective Practice. 19(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2017.1351353
Suhardi, N. A., Muliati, A., Sakkir, G., & Villarama, J. A. (2023). Increasing students’ vocabulary using fairy tales at SMKN 6 Makassar. Journal of Language Learning and Assessment, 1(2), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.71194/jlla.v1i2.101
Sun, X., Li, J., & Meng, L. (2021). Reflection on EFL/ESL teachers’ emotional creativity and students L2 engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1), Article 758931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758931
Szenes, E., & Tilakaratna, N. (2021). Deconstructing critical reflection in social work and business: Negotiating emotions and opinions in reflective writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 49(1), Article 100931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100931
Torres, A. J., C. Alberto, J. M., J. Guieb, A. P., DR. Paray, A., & A. Villarama, J. (2024). Language, identity, and ethics in AI-driven art: Perspectives from human artists in digital environments. Language, Technology, and Social Media, 3(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.70211/ltsm.v3i1.137
Tulomana, J., Tagimaucia, V., & Chand, S. P. (2023). Assessing the readiness of pre-service teachers to teach English to ESL learners in Fijian secondary schools: A study of their language learning experiences and perceptions. BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal, 14(1), Article 44931. https://doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2023.1.44931
Van Niekerk, Z., Goosen, S., & Adams, S. P. (2021). Illegitimate tasks of primary school teachers at selected schools in the Western Cape: A reality for a developing country?. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), Article 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1824
Van Velzen, J. H. (2016). Measuring senior high school students’ self-induced self-reflective thinking. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(5), 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2015.1129596
Villarama, J. A., Pilien, R. V., & Villamar, C. I. (2025). Utilization of Padlet in second language teaching: Practices, challenges, and opportunities. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 28(1), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v28i1.9015
Villarama, J. A., Fabros, B. G., Valdez, M. S., & Adsuara, J. P. (2023). Multitasking language and Mathematics educators: Effects on teaching performance in Hyflex environ. International Journal of Learner Diversity and Identities, 30(2), 455-471. https://ijldi-cgrn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023-30-2-46.pdf
Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Jiang, L., Liu, C., & Xu, Y. (2021). “I even feel annoyed and angry”: Teacher emotional experiences in giving feedback on student writing. Assessing Writing, 48(1), Article 100528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2021.100528
Zarei, M., Ahour, T., & Seifoori, Z. (2020). Impacts of implicit, explicit, and emergent feedback strategies on EFL learners’ motivation, attitude and perception. Cogent Education, 7(1), Article 1727130. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1727130
Zhang, X. (2021). The impact of EFL students’ emotioncy level on their motivation and academic achievement: A theoretical conceptual analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1), Article 798564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.798564
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v28i2.9067
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joseph A. Villarama, Lyan Mae Micah Valerio Dela Cruz, Karen Jean C. Barcelita, and Baby Jean V. Jose

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching Sinta 1 Certificate
.jpg)

This work is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

.png)

















