TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS CODE-SWITCHING IN ETHIOPIAN EFL CLASSROOMS
(1) Addis Ababa University
(2) Madda Walabu University
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Code-switching or the use of L1 in teaching English is a pervasive and inevitable phenomenon in Ethiopia where teachers and students who own the same first language. Nevertheless, researches carried out on the teachers’ attitudes to pedagogical code-switching in Ethiopian context are scarce. This study, therefore, was designed to explore the attitudes of EFL teachers towards code-switching and seek their views on why code-switching should be used in English classrooms. This study employed a qualitative case study design where data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with five English teachers who were purposely selected from two secondary schools. The results revealed that the four teachers supported code-switching whereas one of the teachers had a different stance. All five teachers believed that code-switching should be used in a limited, selective, and purposeful way only when necessary. Furthermore, the results generally indicated that teachers had positive attitudes towards code-switching regarding academic, classroom management and socializing purposes although they had different stands on the specific functions of code-switching. Based on the results, it is possible to suggest that as code-switching is part and parcel of classroom discourse, teacher training programs should incorporate it as an effective instructional strategy.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acar, S. B. (2020). A comparative study on the perceptions of EFL teachers on the use of mother tongue. Innovational Research in ELT, 1(1), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/irelt.2020.311.4
Adriosh, M., & Özge, R. (2019). Teacher’s code-switching in EFL undergraduate classrooms in Libya: Functions and perceptions. SAGE Open, 1(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019846214
Al-Nofaie, H. (2010). The attitudes of teachers and students towards using Arabic in EFL classrooms in Saudi public schools- a case study. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 4(1), 64-95.
Auer, P. (1998). Code-switching in conversation: language, interaction, and identity. London: Routledge.
Blom, J., & Gumperz, J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code Switching in Northern Norway. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 407-434). New York: Holt.
Boztepe, E. (2003). Issues in code-switching: Competing theories and models. SALT: Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 3(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.7916/salt.v3i2.1626
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burat, G., & Çavuşoğlu, Ç .(2020). Teachers' perceptions on using first language in Northern Cyprus EFL Classrooms.Near East University Journal of Education Faculty, 3(2), 11-41. https://doi.org/10.32955/NEUJE.V3I2.242
Cheng, X. (2013). Research on Chinese college English teachers' classroom code-switching: Beliefs and attitudes. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(6), 1277–1284.
Codó, E. (2008). Interviews and questionnaires. In L. Wei &M. G. Moyer (Eds.), The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualism (pp. 158-176). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Cook, G. (2010). Translation in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Copland, F., & Neokleous, G. (2011). L1 to teach L2: complexities and contradictions. ELT Journal, 65(3), 270-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccq047
Debreli, E. (2016). Perceptions of non-native EFL teachers’ on L1 use in EFL classrooms: Implications for language program development. English Language Teaching, 9(3), 24-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n3p24
Desta, M. A. (2019). An investigation into the use of Amharic language in English focus EFL classrooms: Focus on teachers colleges in Amhara Region. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 63, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.7176/JLLL/63-02
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duff, P. A., & Polio, C. G. (1994). Teachers' language use in university foreign language classrooms: A qualitative analysis of English and target language alternation. Modern Language Journal, 78(3), 313-326.
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2009). Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Greggio, S., & Gil, G. (2007). Teacher's and learners' use of code-switching in the English as a foreign language classroom: A qualitative study. Linguagem & Ensino, 10(2), 371-393.
Inbar-Lourie, O. (2010). English only? The linguistic choices of teachers of young EFL learners. International Journal of Bilingualism, 14(3), 31-367.
Inal, S., & Turhanlı, I. (2019). Teachers’ opinions on the use of L1 in EFL classes. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(3), 861-875. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631526
Jogulu, L. N., & Radzi, N. S. M. (2018). Code-switching as a learning strategy in polytechnic ESL Classroom: Exploring perceived functions and lecturers-students’attitudes. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 3(12), 23-36.
Kamwangamalu, N. M. (2010). Multilingualism and code-switching in education. In N. H. Hornberger & S. L. McKay (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language education (pp.116-142). Bristol: Multilingual matters.
Kaymakamoğlu, S. & Yıltanlılar, A. (2019). Non-native English teachers’ perceptions about using Turkish (L1) in EFL classrooms: A case study. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 6(2), 327-337. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1248485
Lanza, E. (2008). Selecting individuals, groups, and sites. In L. Wei & M.G. Moyer (Eds.) The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualis (pp. 73-87). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Levine, G. S. (2003). Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target language use, first language use, and anxiety: Report of a questionnaire study. Modern Language Journal, 87(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4781.00194
Levine, G. S. (2011). Code choice in language classroom. UK: Channel View Publications.
Macaro, E. (2001). Analyzing student teachers’ code-switching in FL classrooms: Theories and decision making. The Modern Language Journal, 85(4), 531-548. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1193074
Macaro, E. (2005). Code-switching in the L2 classroom: A communication and learning strategy. In E. Llurda (Ed.). Non-native language teachers. Perceptions, challenges and contributions to the profession (pp. 63–84). New York: Springer.
Mahdi, A., & Almalki, M. S. (2019). Teachers’ perceptions towards pedagogical implications of code-switching: Saudi EFL Classroom context in focus. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 7(3), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0703001
Mahmud, S. (2018). Should teachers use L1 in EFL classroom? Journal of NELTA, 23 (1-2), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.3126/nelta.v23i1-2.23346
Martin-Jones, M. (1995). Code-switching in the classroom: Two decades of research. In L.Milroy & P.Muysken (Eds.), One speaker, two language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G.B. (2016). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Medgyes, P. (1994). The non-native teacher. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
Ngoc, N., & Yen,P. (2018).The frequency and functions of teachers’ use of mother tongue in EFL classrooms. European Journal of English Language Teaching, 3(4), 16-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1291463
Nguyen, N.C., &Vu, D.V. (2019). An exploratory study on perspectives of Vietnamese experienced teachers and student teachers toward teachers’ code-switching. Cambridge Open-Review Educational Research e-Journal, 6, 66–79.
Pham, H. (2015). Learners’ perceptions of tertiary level teachers’ code-switching: A Vietnamese perspective. International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 9(6), 1-10.
Poplack, S. (2001). Code-switching (Linguistic). In S. Niel & B. Paul (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, (pp.2062-2065). Palo Alto: Elsevier Science Ltd.
Probyn, M. (2009). Smuggling the vernacular into the classroom: Conflicts and tensions in classroom code-switching in township/rural schools in South Africa. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12 (2), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802153137
Rahimi, A., & Jafari, Z. (2011). Iranian students’ attitudes toward the facilitative and debilitative role of code-switching; Types and moments of code-switching at EFL classroom. The Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics, 4, 14-28.
Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction (pp. 182-199). New York: Palgrave.
Scwheers, W. (1999). Using L1 in the L2 classroom. English Teaching Forum, 37(2), 6–9.
Shin, J.Y., Dixon, L.Q., & Choi, Y. (2019). An updated review on use of L1 in foreign language classrooms. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 41(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1684928
Song, Y. (2009). An investigation into L2 teacher beliefs about L1 in China. Prospect: An Australian Journal of TESOL, 24(1), 30-39.
Tan, N. S., & Low, H. M. (2017). Socio-environmental factors impacting on teachers' attitudes towards code-switching in ESL classrooms in a rural district in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 35(2), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2017.35.2.6
Teklesellassie, Y. & Boersma, E. (2018). Attitudes towards code-switching in an English-medium content classroom. PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 55, 57-77. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1191733
Üstünel, E. (2016). EFL classroom code-switching. London: MacMillan Publishers Ltd.
Wardhaugh, R., & Janet, F. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics (7th ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wondimum, M. (2019). Language attitude towards Using Code-Switching as a Medium of Instruction in the Case of Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 9, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.7176/RHSS/9-21-04
Yavuz, F. (2012). The attitudes of English teachers about the use of L1 in the teaching of L2. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4339-4344.
Yildiz, M., & Yeşilyurt, S. (2017). Use or avoid? The perceptions of prospective English teachers in Turkey about L1 use in English classes. English Language Teaching, 10(1), 84-96. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n1p84
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v25i2.4954
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Eyasu Hailu Tamene, Arega Temesgen Desalegn, Eyasu Hailu Tamene
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Indexed and abstracted in:
LLT Journal Sinta 1 Certificate (S1 = Level 1)
We would like to inform you that LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching has been nationally accredited Sinta 1 by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia based on the decree No. Surat Keputusan 169/E/KPT/2024. Validity for 5 years: Vol ... No 1, 20... till Vol ... No 2, 20...
Sinta 1 certificate to post here asap. Thank you for your patience and understanding.
This work is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/llt, e-ISSN 2579-9533 and p-ISSN 1410-7201, is published twice a year, namely in April and October by the English Language Education Study Programme of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.