Phusis (φύσις) Menurut Galen: Hubungan Makro-Mikro Kosmos

Yohanes Theo(1*),

(1) Alumnus STF Driyarkara, Jakarta
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Who are humans? What is the relationship between humans and the universe? These are two fundamental questions that ancient Greek doctors attempted to answer through their perspectives. For them, within the complexity of the human body (microcosm), we can see two things: (1) human nature and (2) its connection to the universe (macrocosm). The human body consists of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, which must be kept in balance for the body to remain healthy. Conversely, an imbalance of these four humors can cause disease. According to Galen, human nature is balance. A person whose humors are in balance is a person who has achieved their full nature, or in Galen's words, a healthy person.The balance that occurs in the body must also occur in the universe. Galen saw the two as a harmonious and interdependent system. According to Galen, the cosmos consists of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water (like the four humors). Galen saw the human body as a microcosm with the same four elements but different in proportion. This relationship was formulated in the concepts of mimesis and sympathy. The microcosm imitates and sympathizes with the macrocosm and vice versa. Overall, Galen saw the cosmos as an integrated and purposeful system, with each element and living thing playing an important role in maintaining its balance and harmony.

Abstrak

Siapakah manusia? Apa hubugannya manusia dengan Alam Semesta ini? Inilah dua pertanyaan mendasar yang coba dijawab lewat tawaran perspektif dokter Yunani kuno. Baginya, dalam kompleksitas tubuh manusia (mikrokosmos) itu, kita dapat melihat dua hal: (1) kodrat manusia dan (2) keterkaitannya dengan alam semesta (makrokosmos).Tubuh manusia terdiri dari empat humor: darah, dahak, empedu kuning, dan empedu hitam (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) yang perlu dijaga keseimbangannya agar tubuh tetap sehat. Sebaliknya, ketidakseimbangan empat humor ini dapat menyebabkan penyakit. Menurut Galen, kodrat manusia adalah keseimbangan. Orang yang seluruh humor-humornya seimbang adalah orang yang mencapai kepenuhan kodratnya, atau dalam bahasa Galen disebut orang yang sehat. Keseimbangan yang terjadi pada tubuh juga harus terjadi di alam semesta, Galen melihat keduanya sebagai sebuah sistem yang harmonis dan saling bergantung. Menurut Galen, kosmos terdiri dari empat unsur: tanah, udara, api, dan air (seperti empat humor). Galen melihat tubuh manusia sebagai mikrokosmos dengan empat elemen yang sama tetapi berbeda dalam hal proporsi. Hubungan itu dirumuskan dalam konsep mimēsis dan simpati. Mikrokosmos meniru serta bersimpati pada makrokosmos dan sebaliknya. Secara keseluruhan, Galen melihat kosmos sebagai sistem yang terpadu dan memiliki tujuan, dengan setiap elemen dan makhluk hidup memainkan peran penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan dan keharmonisannya


Keywords


Kodrat, Humor, Elemen, Kualitas, Mikrokosmos, Makrokosmos

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/div.v1i2.6700

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