Proses Posttraumatic Growth pada Perempuan Dewasa Awal dengan Melihat Sifat Kepribadian dan Ruminasi Kedukaan
(1)
(2)
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic and the changing circumstances that followed can disrupt grieving process and lead to maladaptive grief. Emerging adults who experience parental death are vulnerable since loss at this age tends to be unanticipated and potentially disrupt the development process. Nevertheless, a loss can produce positive changes called posttraumatic growth (PTG) as a result of the struggle facing adversity. This study examines the process of PTG by looking at personality traits and grief rumination and using a qualitative approach. Three emerging adults aged 25-26 years who experienced parental death during the pandemic were involved and selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected mainly by semi-structured interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis. Results indicated that PTG is a complex process, unique to each individual, and involving substantial cognitive processing. The dynamics of personality traits and grief rumination also play a role. Positive and reinforcing personality traits, such as conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, and agreeableness, can help participants overcome grief and experience positive changes after loss. Meanwhile, neuroticism was found to hinder PTG. Furthermore, meaning in grief rumination plays the most prominent role to determine the process of PTG in the participants of this study. The ability to see a positive meaning from the loss helps to achieve PTG and conversely the tendency to think of the negative meaning can inhibit PTG. Thus, intervention given to emerging adults who have lost their parents should target grief rumination, especially aspect of meaning, and take into account differences in individual personality traits.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Beam, M. R., Servaty-Seib, H. L., & Mathews, L. (2004). Parental loss and eating-related cognitions and behaviors in college-age women. Journal of Loss and Trauma, (9)3, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020490458336
Berg, B., & Lune, H. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (9th ed.). Pearson.
Birditt, K. S., Turkelson, A., Fingerman, K. L., Polenick, C. A., & Oya, A. (2021). Age differences in stress, life changes, and social ties during the Covid-19 pandemic: Implications for psychological well-being. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/ger- ont/gnaa204
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. A. (2006). Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement: A prospective study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1657–1672.
Breen, L., Mancini, V., Lee, S., Pappalardo, E., & Neimeyer, R. (2021). Risk factors for dysfunctional grief and functional impairment for all causes of death during the Covid-19 pandemic: The mediating role of meaning. Death Studies, 46(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1974666
Cait, C. (2005). Parental death, shifting family dynamics, and female identity development. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 51(2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.2190/DXNM- MHFD-7T8U-RWQ8
Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R., Cann, A., & Hanks, E. (2010). Positive outcomes following bereavement: Paths to posttraumatic growth. Psychologica Belgica, 50(1-2), 125. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-50-1-2-125
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Triplett, K. N., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. M. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The Event Related Rumination Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24(2), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.529901
Chen, C., & Tang, S. (2021). Profiles of grief, post-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic growth among people bereaved due to Covid-19. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1947563
Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1080–1107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
Dwiartyani, A., Hasan, A. B. P., & Arief, H. (2021). Gambaran proses grieving pada dewasa awal yang mengalami kehilangan anggota keluarga akibat virus COVID-19. Psikologi Prima, 4(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.34012/psychoprima.v4i1.1864
Eisma, M. C., & Stroebe, M. S. (2017). Rumination following bereavement: An overview. Bereavement Care, 36(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2017.1349291
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A., Stroebe, M. S., Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & Stroebe, W. (2015). Adaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three-wave longitudinal study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12067
Eisma, M. C., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A., van den Bout, J., Boelen, P. A., & Stroebe, W. (2014). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9377-y
Feist, J., Feist, G. J., & Roberts, T. (2019). Theories of personality (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M. J., & Somsen, G. A. (2008). Post-traumatic growth after a myocardial infarction: A matter of personality, psychological health, or cognitive coping? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15(4), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-008-9136-5
Greene, N., & McGovern, K. (2017). Gratitude, psychological well-being, and perceptions of posttraumatic growth in adults who lost a parent in childhood. Death Studies, 41(7), 436–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1296505
Gregory, R. J. (2015). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (7th ed.). Pearson.
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2011). Introduction to research methods in psychology (3rd ed.). Pearson Education.
Jia, X., Ying, L., Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Lin, C. (2015). The effects of extraversion, social support on the posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth of adolescent survivors of the wenchuan earthquake. PLOS ONE, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121480
Karanci, A. N., Işıklı, S., Aker, A. T., Gül, E. İ., Erkan, B. B., Özkol, H., & Güzel, H. Y. (2012). Personality, posttraumatic stress and trauma type: Factors contributing to posttraumatic growth and its domains in a Turkish community sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17303
King, L., Hicks, J., & Abdelkhalik, J. (2009). Death, life, scarcity, and value: An alternative perspective on the meaning of death. Psychological Science, 20, 1459–1462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02466.x
Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T., Hyun, S., & Hahm, H. C. (2020). Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the Covid-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113172. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172
Lodi-Smith, J., Turiano, N. A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2010). Personality trait development across the life span. In K. L. Fingerman, C. A. Berg, J. Smith, & T. C. Antonucci (Eds.), Handbook of Life-Span Development (1 ed., pp. 513-530). Springer Publishing Company.
Măirean, C. (2016). The relationship between secondary traumatic stress and personal posttraumatic growth: Personality factors as moderators. Journal of Adult Development, 23(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-016-9228-7
Mattson, E., James, L., & Engdahl, B. (2018). Personality factors and their impact on PTSD and post-traumatic growth is mediated by coping style among OIF/OEF veterans. Military Medicine, 183(9-10). https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx201
McCoyd, J., & Walter, C. (2016). Grief and loss across the lifespan (2nd ed.). Springer.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2005). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Merecz, D., Waszkowska, M., & Wezyk, A. (2012). Psychological consequences of trauma in MVA perpetrators—Relationship between post-traumatic growth, PTSD symptoms and individual characteristics. Transportation Research Part F, 15, 565–574.
Merriam, S., & Tisdell, E. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Neimeyer, R. A., & Lee, S. A. (2021). Circumstances of the death and associated risk factors for severity and impairment of COVID-19 grief. Death Studies. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07481187.2021.1896459
Newton, C. (2012). The use of support and coping skills among emerging adults following parental loss. https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/67
Nurrachman, N. (2011). Mengapa psikologi perempuan? In N. Nurrachman & I. Bachtiar, Psikologi perempuan: Pendekatan kontekstual Indonesia (pp. 22-43). Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya.
Olaleye, C., & Varga, M. (2022). The role of gender on holistic grief effects experienced by college students. Georgia Journal of College Student Affairs, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.20429/gcpa.2022.380102
Panjikidze, M., Beelmann, A., Martskvishvili, K., & Chitashvili, M. (2019). Posttraumatic growth, personality factors, and social support among war-experienced young Georgians. Psychological Reports, 123(3), 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118823177
Papalia, D. & Martorell, G. (2014). Experience human development (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Paris, J. (2000). Predispositions, personality traits, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 8(4), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrp/8.4.175
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Putri, E. P., & Pohan, L. D. (2020). Optimism and perceived social support as predictors of posttraumatic growth among emerging adults after the death of a parent. Joint Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology (ICIAP 2019) and the 4th Universitas Indonesia Psychology Symposium for Undergraduate Research (UIPSUR 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201125.033
Qasim, K., & Carson, J. (2020). Does post-traumatic growth follow parental death in adulthood? An empirical investigation. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820961956
Safitri, I. N. (2021). Pengaruh dukungan sosial terhadap grief pada dewasa awal yang kehilangan orang tua akibat Covid-19 [Unpublished undergraduate’s thesis]. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Armstrong, D. (2010). Trauma type and posttrauma outcomes: Differences between survivors of motor vehicle accidents, sexual assault, and bereavement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15, 69-82.
Shakespeare-Finch, J., Gow, K., & Smith, S. (2005). Personality, coping and posttraumatic growth in emergency ambulance personnel. Traumatology, 11(4), 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/153476560501100410
Sneed, J. R., Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Gilligan, C., Chen, H., Crawford, T. N., & Kasen, S. (2006). Gender differences in the age-changing relationship between instrumentality and family contact in emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.787
Stroebe, M., Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M., Stroebe, W., Salemink, E., & van den Bout, J. (2007). Ruminative coping as avoidance. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 462–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0746-y
Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The role of rumination in the coexistence of distress and posttraumatic growth among bereaved Japanese university students. Death studies, 32(5), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180801974745
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
Tedeschi, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. New York, NY: Routledge.
Tyson, J. (2013). Turning a tragedy into a tribute: A literature review of creating meaning after loss of a loved one. Illness, Crisis, & Loss, 21(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.21.4.e
Tyson-Rawson, K. J. (2004). Adolescent responses to the death of a parent. In C. A. Corr & D. E. Balk, Handbook of adolescent and bereavement (pp. 155-172). Springer Publishing.
Xie, C.-S., & Kim, Y. (2022). Post-traumatic growth during Covid-19: The role of perceived social support, personality, and coping strategies. Healthcare, 10(2), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/suksma.v4i1.5789
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.