Infertilitas dan Adopsi Embrio dalam Bioetika Katolik

CB. Kusmaryanto(1*),

(1) (Scopus ID: 57226339854) Faculty of Theology Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The number of infertile couples is growing up. The declining of fertility happens almost in all countries, both in developed countries and in underdeveloped countries. There are many causes of the declining: the success of birth control, changing in nutrition, changing in lifestyle, postponed of marriages, etc. Infertility can happen in man (husband) or in woman (wife) or in both.  We do not know for sure the number of infertile couples, but it is estimated that they are big number. The Catholic Church is called to help the infertile couples with the best solution in conformity with human dignity and can be accepted morally. One of the available solutions is embryo adoption, although it has some conflicting moral principles. Embryo adoption is chosen because we cannot let them to be aborted or killed.

Abstrak

Jumlah pasangan keluarga usia subur yang mengalami infertilitas (tidak bisa mempunyai anak) semakin lama semakin banyak. Penurunan fertilitas terjadi di semua negara, baik di negara maju maupun di negara sedang berkembang atau negara miskin. Penyebab penurunan fertilitas ini ada banyak antara lain keberhasilan KB, perubahan pola makanan, perubahan gaya hidup, penundaan usia perkawinan dsb. Infertilitas bisa terkena pada pihak suami maupun pihak istri, atau bisa juga ke dua-duanya. Jumlah pasangan yang mengalami infertilitas ini kiranya cukup banyak. Gereja terpanggil untuk membantu keluarga yang infertil, tidak punya anak ini dengan cara yang bermartabat dan bisa diterima oleh moral Katolik. Cara yang tersedia sampai sekarang adalah adopsi embrio, walaupun cara itu juga tidak bebas konflik prinsip moral. Adopsi ini dipilih karena embrio tersisa itu tidak boleh dibunuh atau diaborsi.


Keywords


adopsi embrio, bayi tabung (IVF), heterolog, homolog, infertilitas suami-istri, total fertility rate (TFR)

References


Buku

Carlson, Bruce M. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2019.

Cromer, Risa. Conceiving Christian America: Embryo Adoption and Reproductive Politics. New York: New York University Press, 2023.

Devi, V. Sibadra. Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology. New Delhi: The Health Sciences Publisher, 2018.

Kusmaryanto, C. B. Bioetika. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2024.

———. Bioetika Fundamental. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2022.

Schoenwolf, Gary C., Steven B. Bleyl, Philip R. Brauer, and Philippa H. Francis-West. Larsen’s Human Embryology. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2021.

Sontakke, Yogesh. Textbook of Human Embryology with Clinical Cases and 3D Illustrations. New Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2018.

Jurnal

Calcaterra, V., H. Cena, C. Regalbuto, F. Vinci, D. Porri, E. Verduci, M. Chiara, and G. V. Zuccotti. “The Role of Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Nutrition in the Timing of Sexual Maturation.” Nutrients 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020419.

Finlay, J. E., I. MejõÂa-Guevara, and Y. Akachi. “Inequality in Total Fertility Rates and the Proximate Determinants of Fertility in 21 Sub-Saharan African Countries.” PLoS ONE 13, no. 9 (2018): e0203344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203344.

Hauer, Mathew E., and Carl P. Schmertmann. “Population Pyramids Yield Accurate Estimates of Total Fertility Rates.” Population Association of America (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00842-x.

Kamerlin, S. C. L. “In Vitro Fertilization and the Ethics of Frozen Embryos.” EMBO Reports 25, no. 7 (July 2024): 2817–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-024-00161-2.

Panth, Neelima, Adam Gavarkovs, Martha Tamez, and Josiemer Mattei. “The Influence of Diet on Fertility and the Implications for Public Health Nutrition in the United States.” Frontiers in Public Health 6 (July 31, 2018): 211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00211.

Pecora, G., F. Sciarra, E. Gangitano, and M. A. Venneri. “How Food Choices Impact on Male Fertility.” Current Nutrition Reports 12, no. 4 (December 2023): 864–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00503-x.

Pflum, Mary. “Nation’s Fertility Clinics Struggle with a Growing Number of Abandoned Embryos.” ABC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/features/nation-s-fertility-clinics-struggle-growing-number-abandoned-embryos-n1040806.

Roser, Max. “The Global Decline of the Fertility Rate.” Our World in Data (2014). https://ourworldindata.org/global-decline-fertility-rate.

Salvati, Luca, Federico Benassi, et al. “Spatial Variability of Total Fertility Rate and Crude Birth Rate in a Low-Fertility Country: Patterns and Trends in Regional and Local Scale Heterogeneity across Italy, 2002–2018.” Applied Geography (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102321.

Wise, Jacqui. “US Fertility Rate Sank to New Low in 2024 amid Rise of ‘Pronatalism’ Politics.” BMJ 390 (2025): r1589. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1589.

Yustika, Ni Wayan Agustin Darki. “Factors Affecting Fertility Level in Indonesia: A Literature Review.” Media Gizi Kesmas 12, no. 1 (June 2023): 530–36. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v12i1.2023.530-536.

Sumber Internet

Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). “Angka Kelahiran Total (Total Fertility Rate) Menurut Provinsi, 1971–2020.” https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/1/MjIxMCMx/angka-kelahiran-total---total-fertility-rate--tfr--menurut-provinsi--1971-2020.html.

Kompas.id. “Terlalu Banyak Makanan Barat Bisa Terkena Kanker Usus Besar.” https://www.kompas.id/artikel/terlalu-banyak-makanan-barat-bisa-terkena-kanker-usus-besar.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). “Embryology.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/.

World Health Organization (WHO). “Infertility.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/jt.v14i02.13431

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 Indexed and abstracted in:

P-ISSN: 2302 - 5476 (Validity starting Volume 2012-10-05) 

E-ISSN: 2579 - 3934 (Validity starting Volume 6, No. 1, Mei 2017)

Jurnal Teologi (Journal of Theology) by Faculty of Theology Sanata Dharma University 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License