BREASTFEEDING IN PUBLIC: THE INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGY AND SEXUALITY

Marinda P.D. Ghaisani(1*), Dewi H. Susilastuti(2),

(1) Graduate student of American Studies, Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Indonesia
(2) Master and Doctoral Program in Leadership and Policy Innovation Universitas Gadjah Mada and Center for Population and Policy Studies Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Breastfeeding is an infant feeding method recommended by health practitioners. Many women see it as an advantageous infant feeding method. Moreover, they perceive it as their right to provide the best for their children, and it has been legally protected. Unfortunately, not everybody looks at breastfeeding in public in a positive light. The United States of America is the bastion of individual rights.  Ironically women who exercise their right to breastfeed in public often experiment objections from others. Those who protest against breastfeeding in public argue that the act is inappropriate as it involves breasts. Indeed, breasts have two functions: biological and sexual, but breasts’ sexual function often overshadows its biological function. The objection to breastfeeding in public puts women in an uncomfortable position that is fraught with disagreements. According to the theory of intimate citizenship, multiple voices regarding breastfeeding in public breed conflict. There is a tension between personal concerns of breastfeeding mothers and discomfort of some elements of the public. In addition, there is a silent agreement that breastfeeding mothers are expected to resolve these competing needs.


Keywords


breastfeeding, intimate citizenship, public

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmed, S. (2004). Collective feelings: Or, the impressions left by others. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(2), 25–42. https://e-resources.perpusnas.go.id:2084/10.1177/0263276404042133

Ali, A. J., Krishnan, K., & Camp, R. C. (2005). A cross cultural perspective on individualism and collectivism orientations. Journal of Transnational Management, 11(1), 3. https://e-resources.perpusnas.go.id:2111/10.1300/J482v11n0102

Ali, R. (2019, July 16). Dutch airline says breastfeeding policy is to 'keep the peace' after mom asked to cover up. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/parenting/2019/07/16/klm-airlines-defends-breastfeeding-policy-asking-mom-cover-up/1742838001/

Asiodu, I. V., Waters, C. M., Dailey, D. E., & Lyndon, A. (2017). Infant feeding decision-making and the influences of social support persons among first-time African American mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(4), 863–872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-016-2167-x

Ballard, J. (2019, September 27). Almost seven in 10 Americans are comfortable with women breastfeeding next to them in public. YouGov. https://today.yougov.com/topics/education/articles-reports/2019/09/28/breastfeeding-public-formula-feeding-poll-survey.

Boyer, K. (2018). The emotional resonances of breastfeeding in public: The role of strangers in breastfeeding practice. Emotion, Space and Society, 26(2018), 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2016.09.002

Boyer, K. (2014). Affect, corporeality and the limits of belongings: Breastfeeding in public in the contemporary UK. Health & Place 18(2012), 552-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.01.010

Carathers, J. D. (2017). The breastfeeding problematic: Negotiating maternal sexuality in heterosexual partnership. Women’s Studies International Forum, 65 (2017), 71-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.10.002

Daugherty, K. (2019, December 16). Mom settles breastfeeding lawsuit with church that said she could 'cause men to lust'. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/12/16/breastfeeding-lawsuit-church-settled-after-mom-called-immodest/2664234001/

Domosh, M., & J. Seager. (2001). Putting women in place: Feminist geographers make sense of the world. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Dowling, S., J. Naidoo, J., and D. Pontin. (2012). Breastfeeding in public: Women’s bodies, women’s milk in Beyond Health, Beyond Choice. P. H. Smith, B. L. Hausman and M. Labbok (editors). New Jersey: Rutgers. 249-258.

Gripsrud, B. H., E. Ramvi, L. Froggett, I. Hellstrand & J. Manley. (2018). Psychosocial and symbolic dimensions of the breast explored through a Visual Matrix, NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 26(3), 210-229, https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2018.1482958

Haller, S. (2018, July 25). Finally! in 2018 it’s legal to breastfeed in public in all 50 states. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2018/07/25/public-breastfeeding-now-legal-all-50-states/835372002/

Haller, S. (2019, June 11). Nursing mom gets booted from water park; Officer says she can't sit with both breasts out. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/06/11/breastfeeding-mom-booted-texas-public-pool-moms-protest/1418660001/

Hurst, C. G. (2012). Sexual or maternal breast? A feminist view of the contested right to breastfeed publicly in Beyond Health, Beyond Choice. P. H. Smith, B. L. Hausman and M. Labbok (editors). New Jersey: Rutgers. 259-268.

Ilievski, N. L. (2015). The individual sovereignty: Conceptualization and manifestation. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(2) https://e-resources.perpusnas.go.id:2116/scholarly-journals/individual-sovereignty-conceptualization/docview/2441579084/se-2?accountid=25704

Longhi, L. (2019, April 10). Mom fights back after being asked to breastfeed in private space at elementary school. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/04/10/breastfeeding-public-confrontation-school-has-mom-speaking-out/3421242002/

Longhi, L. (2019, April 11). Video shows breastfeeding mom confront woman who tells her: 'That's disgusting'. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/04/11/breastfeeding-mom-takes-video-woman-who-calls-disgusting/3437816002/

Macionis, J. J. (2018) Sociology (16th ed.). Pearson.

Mathews, V. (2019). Reconfiguring the breastfeeding body in urban public spaces, social & cultural geography, 20(9), 1266-1284, https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2018.1433867

Mead, G. H. (1972). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist (18th ed.). The University of Chicago.

Plummer, K. (2001). The square of intimate citizenship: Some preliminary proposals. Citizenship Studies, 5(3), 237–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020120085225

Plummer, K. (2003). Intimate citizenship: Private decisions and public dialogues. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Ruland, S. (2019, July 1). Breastfeeding mom asked to 'cover up' at pizzeria. She 'politely declined their offer'. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/parenting/2019/07/01/breastfeeding-woman-asked-cover-up-pa-pizzeria-upper-crust-gettysburg/1616334001/

Sheehan, A., Gribble, K., & Schmied, V. (2019). It’s okay to breastfeed in public but… International Breastfeeding Journal, 14(24). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0216-y

Smyth, L. (2008). Gendered spaces and intimate citizenship: The case of breastfeeding. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 15(2), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506808090305

Stepien, A. (2014). Modesty in Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast. Merril D. Smith (editor). London: Rowman & Lettlefield. 166-168.

SummerStyle. (2019, December 28). Public opinions about breastfeeding. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/healthstyles_survey/index.htm

Szymanski, D. M., et al. (2011). Sexual objectification of women: Advances to theory and research. The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 39, 6–38.

United Nations Children’s Fund. Breastfeeding: A mother’s gift, for every child. UNICEF’s Nutrition Section, Programme Division, UNICEF, New York, 2018, 1.

Warming, H. & Fahnøe, K. (2017). Social work and live citizenship. In H. Warming & K. Fahnøe (Eds.), Lived citizenship on the edge of society: rights, belonging, intimate life and spatiality (1-22). Palgrave Macmillan.

Woolard, F. (2019). Requirements to justify breastfeeding in public: A philosophical analysis. International Breastfeeding Journal, 14 (26), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0217-x

Webb, C., Jacox, N., & Temple-Oberle, C. (2019). The making of breasts: Navigating the symbolism of breasts in women facing cancer. Plastic Surgery, 27(1), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/2292550318800500




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v6i1.4037

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Marinda P.D. Ghaisani, Dewi H. Susilastuti

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


Indexed and abstracted in:

 

         

 

IJHS Sinta 3 Certificate (S3 = Level 3)

International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHShas been nationally accredited Sinta 3 by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia based on the decree  No. Surat Keputusan 158/E/KPT/2021. Validity for 5 years: Vol 4 No 1, 2020 till Vol 8 No 2, 2024

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

p-ISSN: 2597-470X (since 31 August 2017); e-ISSN: 2597-4718 (since 31 August 2017)

Flag Counter

Notice: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the editorial team or publishers.

International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) is a scientific journal in English published twice a year, namely in September and March, by Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.