Comparative Analysis of Three Solid Waste Management Systems Towards Full Automation

Abolade David Omiyale(1*), Ladi F. Ogunwolu(2), Olawale Olaniyi Ajibola(3),

(1) University of Lagos, Nigeria.
(2) University of Lagos, Nigeria.
(3) University of Lagos, Nigeria.
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study uses a four-week simulation to evaluate traditional, semi-automatic, and autonomous waste management systems, employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discrete Event Simulation (DES), and an ANOVA test. PCA was used to visualise and understand the variations in waste collection volumes between the three systems, with the first two principal components accounting for 100% of the variance (PC1: 56.3%, PC2: 43.7%). Each system was classified into distinct clusters: traditional in the lower-left quadrant, semi-automatic in the upper-left and lower-right quadrants, and autonomous in the upper-right quadrant, with ANOVA indicating significant variations. DES simulated everyday waste collection for 120 days. The traditional system collected an average of 50 kg/day with a 10-kilogramme variance, the semi-automatic 48 kg/day with an 8 kg variability, and the autonomous 45 kg/day with a 5 kg variability. The total waste collected was 6012.34 kg (traditional), 5824.29 kg (semi-automatic), and 5482.67 kg (autonomous). Fuel consumption, cost savings, and environmental impacts were analyzed. The autonomous system showed the lowest fuel consumption and highest cost savings, significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to others. The results from PCA and DES, supported by ANOVA, indicate that while the traditional system is most efficient in waste collection, the autonomous system offers consistent performance and significant environmental benefits. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for optimizing waste management strategies and balancing efficiency, cost, and environmental impact.

Keywords: Solid waste management, Autonomous systems, urbanization, environmental impact, and Sustainability.

Full Text:

PDF

References


[1]. R. Abubakar et al., "Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Global South," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 19, no. 19, p. 12717, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912717

[2]. R. W. Ahmad, K. Salah, R. Jayaraman, I. Yaqoob, and M. Omar, "Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 131520–131541, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3113380

[3]. R. A. Nugroho, U. S. Dharma, S. H. Wijono, K. Pinaryanto, R. Gunawan, and F. Sinungharjo, "Sentiment analysis on tweets about waste problem in Yogyakarta using SVM," Int. J. Appl. Sci. Smart Technol., vol. 6, pp. 183-196, 2024, doi: 10.24071/ijasst.v6i1.7415.

[4]. S. Vishnu, S. Ramson, S. Senith, T. Anagnostopoulos, A. Abu-Mahfouz, X. Fan, and A. Kirubaraj, "IoT-enabled solid waste management in smart cities," Smart Cities, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.1004-1017, 2021. doi: 10.3390/smartcities4030053.

[5] A. Abdullahi, "Development of a smart waste management system with automatic bin lid control for smart city environment," EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities, vol. 7, no. 3, 2024. doi: 10.4108/eetsc.4385

[5]. A. Shah, S. Fauzi, R. Gining, T. Razak, M. Jamaluddin, and R. Maskat, "A review of IoT-based smart waste level monitoring system for smart cities," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 450, 2021. doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp450-456.

[6]. S. Khan, B. Ali, A. A. K. Alharbi, S. Alotaibi, and M. Alkhathami, "Efficient IoT-assisted waste collection for urban smart cities," Sensors, vol. 24, no. 10, p. 3167, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103167

[7]. S. Manik, M. Berawi, Gunawan, & M. Sari, "Smart waste management system for smart & sustainable city of indonesia’s new state capital: a literature review", E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 517, p. 05021, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451705021

[8]. K. Paritosh, S. Kushwaha, M. Yadav, N. Pareek, A. Chawade, & V. Vivekanand, "Food waste to energy: an overview of sustainable approaches for food waste management and nutrient recycling", Biomed Research International, vol. 2017, p. 1-19, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2370927

[9]. Cicceri, "An intelligent hierarchical cyber-physical system for beach waste management: the bioblu case study", Ieee Access, vol. 11, p. 134421-134445, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3317689

[10]. S. E. Vergara and G. Tchobanoglous, "Municipal Solid Waste and the Environment: A Global Perspective," Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 277–309, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-050511-122532

[11]. K. R. Atalia, D. M. Buha, K. A. Bhavsar, and N. K. Shah, "A review on composting of municipal solid waste," J. Environ. Sci., Toxicol. Food Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 20-29, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-09512029

[12]. M. Ayilara, O. Olanrewaju, O. Babalola, and O. Odeyemi, "Waste Management through Composting: Challenges and Potentials," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 4456, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114456

[13]. R. Weber, A. Watson, M. Forter, and F. Oliaei, "Review Article: Persistent organic pollutants and landfills - a review of past experiences and future challenges," Waste Management & Research, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 107–121, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10390730

[14]. L. Luo, G. Kaur, and J. W. C. Wong, "A mini-review on the metabolic pathways of food waste two-phase anaerobic digestion system," Waste Management & Research, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 333–346, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18819954

[15]. G. Wang, L. Qin, G. Li, and L. Chen, "Landfill site selection using spatial information technologies and AHP: A case study in Beijing, China," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 2414–2421, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.008

[16]. M. Vaverková and D. Adamcová, "Long-Term Temperature Monitoring of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill," Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 24, pp. 1373–1378, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/29940

[17]. S. Das and B. Kr. Bhattacharyya, "Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes," Waste Manage., vol. 43, pp. 9–18, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.033

[18]. L. Ogunwolu, A. D. Omiyale, and O. O. E. Ajibola, "Conceptual and Simulated Semi-Automatic Urban Waste Management System Using Global Systems for Mobile Communication and Customer Reliability Indices," J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1371-1376, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i7.28

[19]. A. Vico, M. Pérez-Murcia, M. Bustamante, E. Agulló, F. Marhuenda-Egea, J. Sáezet al., "Valorization of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) pruning biomass by co-composting with urban and agri-food sludge", Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 226, p. 408-415, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.035

[20]. M. Mohan, R. M. K. Chetty, V. Sriram, M. Azeem, P. Vishal, and G. Pranav, "IoT enabled smart waste bin with real-time monitoring for efficient waste management in metropolitan cities," IJASC, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 13–19, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.22662/ijasc.2019.1.3.013.

[21]. M. A. Hannan, Md. Abdulla Al Mamun, A. Hussain, H. Basri, and R. A. Begum, "A review on technologies and their usage in solid waste monitoring and management systems: Issues and challenges," Waste Manage., vol. 43, pp. 509–523, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.033

[22]. R. Sarc, A. Curtis, L. Kandlbauer, K. Khodier, K. E. Lorber, and R. Pomberger, "Digitalisation and intelligent robotics in value chain of circular economy oriented waste management – A review," Waste Management, vol. 95, pp. 476–492, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.035

[23]. S. Liu and J. Gaudiot, "Rise of the autonomous machines", Computer, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 64-73, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/mc.2021.3093428

[24]. N. Azam, L. Michala, S. Ansari, & N. Truong, "Data privacy threat modelling for autonomous systems: a survey from the gdpr's perspective", IEEE Transactions on Big Data, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 388-414, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbdata.2022.3227336

[25]. D. Mmereki, "Current status of waste management in botswana: a mini-review", Waste Management &Amp; Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 555-576, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18772097

[26]. O. Osibanjo and I. Nnorom, "The challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) management in developing countries", Waste Management &Amp; Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 489-501, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x07082028




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v6i2.9153

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.









Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology

Society/Institution : Sanata Dharma University

 

 

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.