The Addition of Indonesian Prefixes meN- and di- to English Bases: A Corpus-based Study

This paper serves as an initial identification of the addition of Indonesian inflectional prefixes meN- and di- to English bases of any word class through a corpus-based study. With the prevalence of English influence in Indonesian native speakers’ linguistic repertoire, particularly within the scientific and computational domain, there emerges a tendency to resort to the original terms in English than those of the Indonesian equivalences. This phenomenon, addressed as leksikalisasi timpang or unequal lexicalization, refers to the use of words in source language  to make up for the lack of corresponding lexicalization in target language.  This leads to a linguistic innovation to ‘localize’ English words by adding Indonesian inflectional prefixes such as meN- and di-. Out of 1 million sentence size Web corpus obtained from The Leipzig Corpora Collection, this paper is able to yield approximately 489 (0,21%) combinations of meN- + English bases with 2,813 (0,018%) word tokens and 475 (0,20%) combinations of di- + English bases with 2,377 (0,015%) word tokens. Six allomorphs of meN- are also attested, namely meng-, men-, mem-, me-, menge-, and meny-, with meng-, men-, and mem- as the most used allomorphs by word  frequency and type. This investigation backs up the hypothesis that the process of word assimilation leads to nasal sound changes. This paper also observes that there are 13 most used typographic forms shared between the combinations of meN- and di- + English bases, and 7 other forms on a very low frequency. The words observed in this paper’s database are then grouped into three semantic clusters based on their use in context: computer-related (CR), non-computer-related (NCR), and both (NCR/CR), where computer-related words are observed to dominate the database. The findings indicate that this linguistic creativity is the outcome of how familiar Indonesians are with English terms than the official equivalences, especially towards technology and computational vocabulary. 


Introduction
As the first foreign language to be officially acknowledged in Indonesia, the influence of English in the evolution of Indonesian vocabulary is inevitable (Lauder, 2008;Percillier, 2016;Sneddon, 2003). Indonesian has borrowed a considerably extensive amount of borrowing words from English occurring in most global domains, such as sport, movies, music, popular culture, business, banking, politics, trading, military, science, medical, and computational (Kachru & Nelson, 2006;Lowenberg, 1991;Sneddon, 2003). To be successfully assimilated, these loanwords have gone through some nativization process such as nasal sound change, semantic shift, word order, not to mention the process of turning phrasal verbs into verbs such as 'mem-back up' (from 'to back up'), which all contribute to the conformity of the Indonesian grammar (Sneddon, 2003). On the one hand, there are also instances of unassimilated loanwords where they retain their original spellings. In most cases, these words have their own equivalences in Indonesian, such as 'download' (unduh), 'upload' (unggah), 'print' (cetak), 'copy' (salin), and 'paste' (tempel). Kadarisman (2005) addresses such phenomenon as leksikalisasi timpang or unequal lexicalization where signs in source language do not have their suitable equivalence in target language, resulting in the process of adopting the signs as they originally are to keep the information flow smoothly. That is, as Kadarisman (2005) states, English words like 'CPU', 'monitor', 'printer', 'printout', and others are mostly used by Indonesians as they originally are without the need to translate all of them to Indonesian.
Although later on many of these unassimilated loanwords have been translated into their respective equivalences in the 2008 edition of Indonesian official dictionary Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), the fact that the original words reign longer than the corresponding equivalences, with respect to computer-mediated communication, help make up for the lexical familiarity (Kadarisman, 2005;Manns, 2010). This is also supported by Sneddon's (2003) statement in which common words in English are often much more memorable than the Indonesian version prior to the prestige status pertaining to English mastery and the image of modernity. Henceforth, with the help of mass media and the vast advancement of computational technology in particular, English has become 'naturalized' in a way it is assimilated with Indonesian's linguistic features, affixes, for example (Kadarisman, 2005;Saddhono & Sulaksono, 2018;Smith-Hefner, 2007;Sneddon, 2003). To quote Sneddon (2003, p. 183):"As the word becomes more common, it becomes more assimilated; increasing numbers of people feel comfortable to use it as if it were a native word".
The combination of Indonesian prefixes and English bases that emerges from this phenomenon, such as mendownload "download", memposting "posting", and others, prove that indeed Indonesians have assimilated their linguistic feature with the former to make it sound more "natural" when either spoken or written. It is also found that N-which represents nasal sounds also changes to assimilate with the first sound of the English bases, meaning that Indonesians have applied the same phonological rule to English as well (Sneddon, 2003). Interesting enough, this occurrence becomes prominent with the development of the Internet and social media in the 21 st century, hence combinations such as di-follow "followed", di-add "added", di-upload "uploaded" which are all references to social media activities are being utilized dominantly, as well as the combination of other English bases in other domains as previously mentioned (Oktavia, 2019;Saddhono & Sulaksono, 2018).
Although Saddhono and Sulaksono (2018) have explicitly mentioned that this unique form exists by providing more data than Sneddon (2003) and Kadarisman (2005) didin which the examples are reflective rather than factual-the data collected is limited to institutional domain only, where they recorded students' conversations in five universities located in five big cities in Indonesia. In addition, Saddhono and Sulaksono (2018) have yet to provide any morphological analysis to such phenomenon, as they state that such form is a random occurrence-meaning it does not follow any phonological rules of either of Indonesian or English language. On the contrary, Sneddon (2003) has explicitly stated that the Indonesian phonological rule applied to such combinations, but he only provides a small set of examples that uses the prefix meN-, not to mention that the gap between both Sneddon's and Saddhono and Sulaksono's study are quite distant. Taking such consideration in mind, this paper wants to contribute further to investigate the phenomenon of the combination of Indonesian inflectional prefixes and English base words (henceforth English bases) through a corpus-based investigation.
Indonesia recognizes three prefixes which all form transitive and intransitive verbs, ber-, meN-, and di- (Sneddon, 2010).Prefix meN-and di-can also be called inflectional voice prefixes as they play role in indicating whether a sentence is in active or passive voice. Regarding ber-, which can be attached to either transitive or intransitive verbs, its occurrence is inconstant and oftentimes interchangeable with meN-if attached to intransitive verbs (Sneddon, 2010). Therefore, the use of meNand ber-especially within the intransitive verbs depends on the person's familiarity towards either prefix, as Sneddon (1996) states "one form is more common than the other".
Unlike ber-and di-, N-in meN-alongside peN-, and peN-…-an represents a sound change depending on the first sound of the base, leading to a phenomenon of nasal allomorphy (Denistia & Baayen, 2019;Sneddon, 2010;Sukarno, 2017). Therefore, to quote Denistia and Bayen (2019, p. 387 If it is followed by a voiceless stop sound (s) and they occur in different morphemes [ŋ] If it is followed by a velar and a vowel sound (k, g, h) and they occur in different morphemes [ø] Elsewhere It also appears that when N-is attached to successfully-assimilated English loanwords, the allophones also emerge with one condition that differs it from native words: it is likely that the first sound remains instead (Sneddon, 2010). Therefore, in words like mentargetkan (to target) and mengkontrol (to control), Nchanges to its respective allophone followed by the first consonant of the word. However, as time goes by and Indonesians have favored the words like they do with the native ones, the original application of N-sound change pertains, resulting in the loss of the initial consonants: mentargetkan becomes menargetkan, and mengkontrol becomes mengontrol (Sneddon, 2003). Regardless, it has to be kept in mind that such change is rather flexible and often replaceable in accordance with one's familiarity with either form, although oftentimes the mass media is the most significant influence that the latter becomes more common than the former. Even so, the possibility that nasal sound change also applies in unassimilated English loanwords, which are also ubiquitous in Indonesians' linguistic repertoire, has not been further studied in academia, allowing for further observation to shed lights in this particular area.
Prefix meN-and its passive counterpart dican also be optionally supplemented with verb-forming suffixes such as -kan and -i which can affect the semantic roles of a word once either suffix is added (Arka & Yannuar, 2016;Denistia & Baayen, 2019;Sneddon, 2010). The mention of the suffixes -kan and -i is very important in this study as it was identified in this study's database that there are indeed additional affixes that emphasize the semantic Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Fadillah et.al.
roles of the combinations of English bases and Indonesian prefixes meN-and di-. The suffixkan signals causative, instrumental, and benefactive functions, while the suffix -i marks locative and repetitive functions. Many verb bases can handle both -kan and -i, such as tawar 'offer' and masuk 'put/enter', but they differ in meaning once either suffix is added (Sneddon, 2010), where -kan signals object as a patient, and -i signals locative and recipient function. In addition, some verbs have no -kan or -i counterparts, such as menyewakan 'to lend' and menghiasi 'to decorate' (Sneddon, 2010). But in some cases, very contrary to the former example, there are verb bases that can take both -kan and -i with the same meaning, and both forms are also commonly acceptable (Sneddon, 2010). It was later that the semantic distribution of suffixes -kan and -i is formulated with the distinctive and similarity hypotheses using the hierarchical clustering analysis, resulting in families of derivational roots that group together and those attached to -kan/-i that are segregated (Rajeg et al., 2019).
This paper aims to be a follow up investigation towards identifying and analyzing the combination of Indonesian inflectional affixes and English bases in the lights of three problems, (i) the addition of inflectional affixes meN-and di-to English bases and their allomorphs, (ii) the typographic constraints of the combination of Indonesian inflectional affixes and English bases, and (iii) the frequency of the aforementioned combination in two semantic clusters, computer-related and non-computerrelated verbs.
The investigation of the allomorphy of meN-and di-when combined with English bases unveils what causes the choice of selected allomorphs with regards to both Indonesian and English morphological system. The typographic constraints refer to how one combination is styled in this paper's database along with the frequency of each typographic forms to compare which forms is used the most. As an example, the English base 'download' has three typographic forms in this paper's database: mendownload (N=282), men-download (N=63), and men download (N=4). Last but not least, since previous studies have claimed that the combination of men-and di-with English bases emerges with the familiarity around computational terms, the recorded combinations in the database are separated into three semantic clusters: computer-related (CR), non-computer-related (NCR), and both (NCR/CR), since there are combinations where they occur in both semantic clusters following the concordance results.
Therefore, based on these considerations, there are limitations this paper wants to focus on. First, ber-is not included with the assumption that meN-and di-are more prevalent than ber-and yields more data when combined with English bases. Second, meNreceives sound changes according to the English bases as it does to Indonesian words, allowing for the possibility that it also applies to unassimilated loanwords as it does to successfully assimilated ones. And last but not least, the additional affixes such as -kan and -i are expected to be found in the data as they emphasize more on the semantic roles of the verb bases.
In choosing ind-com_web_2018_1M to build the database, several considerations are taken into account to make sure that this paper is equipped with a large set of data to analyze. First, compared to other types of corpus (mixed, news, newscrawl, web-public, and web), ind-com_web_2018_1M consists of various Web sites which elicits a range of topics and themes. Second, the corpus is the largest and the newest among others: approximately 237,677 word types and 1,5420,886 word tokens within 1 million sentences. The data compiled by Saddhono and Sulaksono (2018) is restrained by several limitations, such as the domain and the location of data source. Through the use of Web-based corpus, one can obtain an extensive data organized from diverse sources of various domains as well. In terms of analyzing the corpus, Denistia and Baayen (2019) use MorphInd, a morphological analyzer specifically made for the Indonesian language, but because this study focuses on the combination of Indonesian and English, the corpus was then analyzed using AntConc, a free software corpus analysis toolkit for concordance and text analysis. The use of AntConc is very essential in this study as its Concordancer tool helps to display several data examples that a researcher wants to look for as it is quick and efficient to use (Anthony, 2005). For the best result, version 3.5.8 is used to match the Macintosh OS X 10.14.6, but they also have versions for Windows and Linux, as well as their older versions for another operating system.
Since the corpus is quite large to process at once, several search patterns are customized and utilized in order to obtain all of the combinations existed in the corpus. First, in finding and selecting the construction of meN-+ English bases and di-+English bases, the Word List feature was started to display all the words in the corpus and then they were sorted by their alphabetical order. The results were then cloned for easier navigation and transferred to Microsoft Word once the desired words appeared. At this point both the combination and Indonesian words were still mixed up, hence the transfer to Word for manual separation. However, there are several typographic styles in the database that the combinations are bound to, especially with the construction meN-+ English bases since meNallows for nasal sound changes. Therefore, word clusters beginning with men-, meng-, me-, mem-, and menge-with the exclusion of menywere activated in the Clusters feature to allow for more results. The position of meNallomorphs should be on the left and the English bases on the right.
A problem arose with the findings of di-+ English bases. While there were no significant problems in applying the first pattern, searching for word clusters beginning with direveals 257,668 word frequency, leading to some technical issues concerning both the software (AntConc) and the hardware (personal computers) when the search was run. To tackle this problem, results from the first data run using Word List were duplicated and converted into a plain text file. The text file then was loaded in the Clusters feature's advanced search where the custom list was used as the search terms. This way one could obtain more typographic styles of a certain dicombination, but unfortunately disregarded the appearances of other English bases clustered with di-.
Alternatively, one can always use customized Regular Expressions (Regex) by entering the right formula to find the combination of men-and di-+ English bases. For future references, here are some of the possible Regex which can be used in the Concordance feature: • While the following formulas can be used in the Clusters feature without turning on the Regex option: • meN(and its allomorphs)# • di# These alternatives still have to undergo manual separation to find the right combination. Cloning the results after the search stops is highly recommended to document the database in the desired format, along with the ranks, frequencies, and word ranges.
Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Fadillah et.al.  Figure 1 shows that meng-yields the most combinations with 135 types and 954 tokens, followed with men-in second place with 112 types and 689 tokens, and mem-in third place with 575 types and 109 tokens. Prefix mewhich does not undergo nasal changes comes in fourth with 115 types and 535 tokens. Lastly, menge-comes in fifth place with 15 types and 47 tokens, while meny-is the prefix yielding the least combinations with only 3 types and 13 tokens. However, it is also observed that the combinations attached tothe allomorphs shows inconsistencies with the Indonesian nasal change rules. Inconsistencies occur in allomorph meng-, men-, and mem-, the top three prefixes with the most word combinations, while the latter halves me-, menge-, and meny-are undetected of such variability.
While di-does not have allomorphs, both di-and meN-are observed to share several similar cases, such as the attachment of gerund/progressive verbs and additional Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Fadillah et.al.
Several bases also appear to feature in both meN-and di-. A snippet of what bases attached to both prefixes is featured in the following Table 8. It has to be noted that this snippet features words with the most frequency among others with the same base but different typographic form. For instance, 'download' has 4 forms when attached to menand 3 forms when attached to di-, each with their own frequency. Issues pertaining typographic forms is further explained in the following subchapter.

Typographic forms of meN-and di-+ English bases
A technical issue in gathering data for building the database this paper uses concerns the fact that a single English base, when attached to either meN-or di-, has more than 1 way of writing. It is estimated that there are 13 forms of writing either combination which covers a single base, additional suffix, and if the base is composed of a phrasal verb. These forms are also observed to be shared between both prefix. Among these forms, ipW is considered to be most used which makes up 192 bases attached to meN-and 201 words attached to di-. The following list consists of the 13 forms, while Table 9 provides closure into a snippet of how these forms affect the frequency of the same bases: It also appears that there are 7 other forms in a lesser frequency and occur in a fewer types compared to the aforementioned forms. Some of the forms are not shared with either prefix, but there is only one that occurs in both meN-and di-(ip -W). The following is • ip"W": meng"outsource" (N=1), mem"boom" (N=1) • ip-*W: meng-*global* (N=1), meng- The observation of typographic forms concerns with whether one can ignore these forms when grouping each combination based on their shared English bases, since AntConc does not treat them as the same. In many cases, when meN-and di-are separated from the bases, allomorphs of meN-and di-are considered a single word in the Word List feature. On the one hand, when entered in the Clusters feature, they appear to be clustered with other words, regardless of the punctuation marks and white spaces which more often than not occupied 85% of the observed forms. This constraint also leads to how one can decide whether combinations of the same specific base but written in three or four different forms are grouped semantically, since each form yields different results when applied to various contexts. This issue is further addressed in the following subchapter.

Semantic clusters of meN-and di-+ English bases
Although it is previously mentioned that the English bases have to belong to the category of verbs and/or other word classes with the possibility of being a verb by looking at the context, it is unfortunate that the classification of bases is not approached properly except for the fact that such limitation is significant in building the database since the prefixes attached are of inflectional voice ones.
However, the database provides other information regarding each word's affinity towards a certain semantic cluster: computerrelated (CR), non-computer-related (NCR), or both (NCR/CR). By looking at the context, or the concordance result of each combination, this paper is able to group words of the same semantic clusters (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Raw calculations of semantic clusters based on word types of meN-and di-
On the one side, as the results of the various typographic forms of each base when combined with either prefix and the attached additional suffixes, some combinations overlap in terms of their semantic clusters (see Table 10). In context, bases such as 'back up', 'launching', and 'update' exist in either cluster, while 'download' and 'install' are grouped in the computer-related one, considering their various typographic forms. Examples for the aforementioned three bases within each cluster are featured in sentences (1) to (7). 'Jatonic will launch its new website next month' (ind-com_web_2018_1M:369033) (6) Kami juga akan selalu mengupdate apabila ada perubahan atau penambahan data harga 'We will also frequently update whenever there are changes or additional data in price' (ind-com_web_2018_1M:413542) (7) Jadi, pilihan terbaik adalah mengupdate konten lama dan membuat beberapa link menuju halaman-halaman terbaru 'That's why the best choice is to update the older contents and make some links towards the newer pages' (ind-com_web_2018_1M:356429) The same issue goes to the combination of di-+ English bases (see Table 11). Bases such as 'share', 'blacklist', 'block', 'upgrade', and 'update' occur in either CR or NCR/CR cluster, while 'install' and 'like' in only CR cluster as well as 'blender' and 'translate' in only NCR cluster, with their various typographic forms in consideration. Examples of combinations which occur in either cluster are featured in sentence (8)   The fact that the database still provides raw calculations of each form's frequencies and cluster tendencies means that typographic forms do influence a word's affinity towards a specific semantic cluster. With different typographic forms, observing a certain English base in different contexts can be a little difficult to do since a certain form leads to certain contexts. The words belonging to NCR/CR cluster of both meN-and di-combinations needs to be sorted out to specify each base's affinity. For instance, three forms of 'update' as in 'diupdate', 'di update', and 'di-update' occur in both CR and NCR/CR clusters. To add, four forms of 'back up' as in 'mem-back up', 'memback-up', 'memback up', and 'memback-up' even occur in all clusters. While it can be inferred that 'update' and 'back up' can be used in either computer-or non-computer-related contexts, quantitative investigation is still needed to clarify this matter.
The combination of English base and Indonesian inflectional prefixes meN-and dihas been acknowledged by several scholars due to its prevalence in either spoken or written discourse, but little to no advances have been made to analyze its morphological transformation further. Saddhono and Sulaksono (2018) notice that this phenomenon does exist, along with other possible combinations including Indonesian suffixes and Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian (CJI) variants, but contend that the structure does not follow either Indonesian or English rules. Sedeng and Indrawati (2019) also acknowledge this peculiarity in their data, but because the focus of their research is on the linguistic level of Indonesian English forms, they do not further address the combination of English base and Indonesian affixes, and instead take their stance by stating that Indonesian people tend to frequently mix English words than phrases or clauses in their conversation. So far, only a study conducted by Oktavia (2019) which explicitly asserts the addition of Indonesian linguistic feature to English words, however, in conformity with other studies mentioned above, there is no further investigation leading to description of the combination itself. With the intention of bridging the gap that the previous studies have left opened, by looking at bigger data and observing the patterns, this study confirms that the combination does lean towards Indonesian N-nasal changes as shown in Figure 1 where allomorphs meng-, men-, and mem-appear to be the top three most used allomorphs in the database, which can attest Saddhono and Sulaksono's (2018) claim about the rules itself.
It is also attested that there are 13 most used types of typographic forms shared between the combinations of meN-and di-+ English bases, and 7 other forms attested in either prefix, with the exclusion of one form where it is attested in both prefix but in low frequency and only comprises of 3 words. While it has been mentioned that typographic forms concern how one can semantically determine a certain word, writing foreign, unassimilated words differently has been a shared practice by the Indonesians, especially in printed publications to indicate that the words are not or has not been assimilated to Indonesian (Sneddon, 2003). Sneddon (2003) Journal of Language andLiterature Vol. 21 No. 2 -October 2021 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print);2580-5878 (online) mentions that one way to distinguish foreign loanwords in written publications is to italicize them as the original spelling retains. However, the database shows that words in italics is not the only method to do so, but by the aforementioned 20 forms which also includes punctuation and white space plays to draw attention to the foreign words. Although it can also be implied that AntConc simply cannot include italics since the corpus needs to be in a plain text file, resulting in the database inability to record words or characters written in italics.
Furthermore, while it has not been empirically attested in this paper that there is a tendency to use the English equivalences of computer-related bases and not the Indonesian's, the combinations of meN-and di-+ English bases yields another finding pertaining their semantic clusters, in which computer-related cluster dominates both combinations in the database than noncomputer related one (see Figure 2). However, since this paper provides only raw calculation as typographic forms affect the decision whether a word can be included in CR, NCR, or NCR/CR clusters, future investigation is needed to clarify each word's affinity towards computer-related or non-computer-related cluster. Expanding the clusters is also a suggested approach since the NCR/CR group needs to be clarified as well, as words like 'diupdate', 'diupgrade', 'membackup', and 'memonitor' are observed to occur in either CR, NCR, or NCR/CR cluster.
Nevertheless, the database records a total of 527 computer-related words of both meNand di-combinations, which also means 3,084 occurrences in the corpus. Not to mention the remaining 101 words which are still in the NCR/CR cluster and in need of future reinvestigation. Regardless, this finding has strengthened the hypothesis that Indonesians has familiarized themselves with the English terms, although claiming that the English words are often used than their Indonesian equivalences is considered a premature declaration without adequate quantitative data to back it up.
Although such phenomenon first was generally recognized through spoken discourse, it has affected written discourse as well, especially within the Internet and social media domains. Studies conducted by Saddhono and Sulaksono (2018) as well as Sedeng and Irawati (2019) obtained the data through spoken social intercourse, but Oktavia (2019), however, collected their examples from Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp. Though different, the method utilized by this paper and hers demonstrate that the combination exists even in written discourse, especially within the perimeter of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The frequent use of English terminology in these domains, combined with source language's features, allows this prevailing linguistic creativity to be recognized as one of the potential innovations of Indonesian English variant, in which, to quote Lauder (2008, p. 18), "might fit within an EIL (English as an International Language) framework" if taken further.
Nevertheless, there are some issues that need to be addressed, in which this study fails to observe further. First of all, regardless of how typographic forms are used to distinguish English and Indonesian words, they are also essential in determining whether a base of various forms can be considered a single word type. Once this matter is settled, the NCR/CR cluster can be re-investigated to calculate each word's affinity towards computer-and noncomputer-related semantic clusters. It is suggested that future research can address this problem and expand the semantic clusters themselves into more specific and distinct clusters than what this paper has done. Second of all, the fact that this study only focuses on the Standard Indonesian (SI) prefixes allows for detailed observation on the Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian (CJI) variety as well, such as N-and Ø-, and possibly a comparative study between the two prefix varieties to address the productivity of English bases when attached to either variety (Arka & Yannuar, 2016;Inderasari & Oktavia, 2019;Smith-Hefner, 2007). Because the phenomenon is deemed to flourish through the influence of the Internet and social media (Oktavia, 2019;Qory'ah et al., 2019), it is expected that there will be more data to yield from the use of these colloquial variants as they are often omnipresent as the language of the Internet.

Conclusion
This paper reveals how meN-and di-are attached to English bases as well as the allomorphs of both prefixes, the addition of Indonesian suffixes to the bases, typographic forms encircling meN-and di-combinations, as well as the semantic clusters of the observed combinations within the database. The investigation concludes that meN-allomorphs exist, along with several anomalies concerning the initial bases when attached to a certain allomorph, and unique cases pertaining gerund/progressive verbs, additional suffixes, and similar bases occur in both prefixes. The decision of whether one allomorph is for a specific word depends on the base itself-and the analysis needs to include both the English sound system and the Indonesian N-sound change to consider.
While various typographic forms indicate that the words are not of Indonesian origin but the English', it has also affected how one determines a certain word to be grouped in either a computer-or non-computer-related cluster. However, the hypothesis that Indonesians have incorporated English bases in their linguistic repertoire remains as it is revealed in the database that Indonesians assimilate their linguistic features with other languages, especially English, especially when it comes to global terms that most of the time, Indonesian does not have the correspondence lexicalization to match with. Though the phenomenon itself is not novel, little to no researchers have put their interest in explaining the combination of English bases and Indonesian prefixes and the changes of nasal sound N-as the results of the combination. It is expected that this research can shed light on new linguistic phenomenon in Indonesia and encourage other linguists to be attracted to the development of the Indonesian language as it inevitably keeps changing over time.