Translation Shift in English into Indonesian Subtitle of Guzaarish Movie

Article


Introduction
Before doing a translation, a translator should check and analyze her/his texts comprehensively and ensure that the readers will understand the source text or the source language (Nord, 2005, p. 1). The translator can use various techniques to obtain great results. There are 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2004). One of them is a transposition. Transposition technique is usually called as shift (Fitria, 2015). Both of them can change in sequences. Transposition (shift) is how it deals with grammatical changes in translation (Fawcett, 2014, p. 37). In other words, a transposition is a mechanism in which parts of the speech alter their sequence when translated (Grassilli, 2016). Changes or 'shifts' often occurs in translation (Liz, 2011). The translators can use the shift (transposition) if the translation result which is obtained fits better into the text and allows a specific nuance of style (Omar, 2009, p. 199).
The term "translation shift" refers to the various ways of an expression in the source text is translated into the target text. It also Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print);2580-5878 (online) Tira Nur Fitria refers to the departure from formal correspondence in the process of translating the source language to the target language which involves a level shift and category shift (Chan, 2004, p. 255). The level shift is linked to one linguistic level of the source language element that is given at a specific level via a target language translation equivalence. The category shift includes shifts in units, structures, and classes.
According to Hatim & Munday (2004, p. 142 in Catford, 1969, there are two types of translation shifts, they are level shift (between the levels of grammar and lexis) and category shift (unbounded and rank-bounded). According to Baker & Malmkjaer (2001, p. 229), the level shift is related to the source language item if a linguistic level has an equivalence in TL in a different level, such as in lexis. For example Ving in continuous tense is translated to "sedang" or 'have/has +V3' is translated to 'sudah/telah'. Meanwhile category shift is related to the departures from formal correspondence in a translation. It occurs at all ranks in translation. Typically a situation indicates when there are two different languages which have different elements of the structure. It consists of 1) Structure shift. It involves the changes of structure, such as subject-predicate-object is translated into predicate-subject-object.
For example, Modifier-Head (MH) pattern in SL is translated into Head-Modifier (HM) pattern. 2) Rank shift. It changes the rank unit, such as a word is translated into a morpheme, a phrase, or a clause. For example a phrase in SL is translated into noun or vice versa. 3) Class shift. It changes the class of words, such as adjectives are translated into nouns or verbs. 4) Intrasystem shift. It changes within a system internally when the translation in source and target text/language has the same formal constitution. For example, singular in SL is translated into the TL or vice versa.
The shift can occur in any written texts, such as in the movie subtitle. The subtitle is the written translation of the characters which turn on the frame (Bleichenbacher, 2008, p. 174). It is usually located at the bottom of the screen. In watching a movie/film, we are usually concerned about the subtitle at the bottom of the screen (Fitria, 2020b). It makes the viewers or listeners understand the language by reading the subtitle simultaneously. We can find subtitle in a movie; we often see there are many movie subtitles which are translated into other languages. For example, Indonesian subtitle is translated into English, English subtitle is translated into Indonesian, or Hindi subtitle is translated into English, etc.
The movie that will be analyzed in this research is Guzaarish movie. It is chosen because Guzaarish is a mainstream Hindi's first film which tells about mercy killing full passion and life (Tsering, 2020). It was released in 2010. The characters of the film are Hrithik Roshan with Aishwarya Rai. This film tells about Ethan Mascarenhas (Hrithik Roshan), a famous magician, but for the past 14 years, he had been lying helpless in bed due to a terrible incident on stage. Ethan can still think and speak, but for other activities, he must rely on a nurse named Sofia D'Souza (Aishwarya Rai). Ethan begs her friend a lawyer to grant his death request (Euthanasia) in a court.
There are several previous studies which concern about translation shift. First, a study is written by Tirtayasa & Setiajid (2018) entitled "Translation Shifts in Goenawan Mohammad's Poem Collection "On God and Other Unfinished Things". This study aims to find the translation shifts in the English version of a poem collection. The next is a study written by Sari (2014) entitled "A Study of Translation Shift in Bilingual Children's Story Book "I Love You Mom". This study analyzes the category shift in a bilingual children's storybook. The third is a study written by Fridolini (2013) entitled "Translation Shifts In Novel "Mansfield Park" by Jane Austen". This study finds translation shifts and describes the problems in translation. Those previous studies and this research have the same focus on translation shift, but there are differences with this research. Those studies have different objects of research. The first research focuses on a poem collection, the second study focuses on a storybook, and the third study focuses on a novel, but this research focuses on a movie subtitle.
subtitles of the movie. Here, the research limits the object of research by analyzing one of translation techniques, especially translation shift. This research is entitled "Translation Shift in Subtitle Movie Guzaarish. The aims of this research are to find out the type of shifts and to know the most dominant/frequent types of shift found in the English to Indonesian subtitle movie Guzaarish. Here, the researcher wants to know there is a translation process of movie subtitles such as shifts from English into Indonesian.

Methodology
The method applies descriptive qualitative research. According to Willis et al (2007, p. 181), qualitative research is a method in understanding both the human and social behavior that focuses and emphasizes 'thick' data. Qualitative research is unique in content, focus, and form of research. Its process truly requires creativity and often is viewed as a craft (Hesse-Biber, 2016). The qualitative study methodology is informed by the power of the researcher's vocabulary and sentences. But, this research also uses quantitative research, but only in counting the percentage to find the percentage types of error and the most dominant type of translation shift.
The method of collecting data in this research is document analysis. The documents may be in the form of legal papers, policy statements, editorials, magazines, newspapers, online data, script movie/play, field notes, notes, research reports, etc. (Zeegers & Barron, 2015, p. 78). Playscript or movie subtitle also can be used as document. In this research, the data used is in the form of the subtitle (English and Indonesian) which is taken from the movie entitled Guzaarish.
In the analysis of the document, the qualitative researcher finds data is primary words, although sometimes collects some numerical data in supporting the qualitative evidence (Daymon & Holloway, 2010, p. 321). The research gets the movie subtitle by downloading the English and Indonesian subtitles through the internet in the form of srt file. The writer does not include the Hindi subtitle because to make it easier for the researcher and readers to understand the example of data analysis.
The method of analyzing data in this research uses three streams of activity of qualitative analysis as proposed by (Miles et al., 2014, p. 14). The first is data condensation (reduction). It is used to reduce unimportant data in this research. The key process in reducing data is coding data. Coding is the organization of raw data into conceptual strategies and logical structure of the data (Edwards & Skinner, 2010, p. 134). The form of coding here is "Number Data-GUZ-M". The second is data display. Data is shown using a table or chart to make the results of the research understandable. The last is conclusion drawing. Here, the research concludes the result of the analysis.

Results and Discussion
Related to the findings of the research, the researcher finds the types of shift and knows the most dominant type of shifts found in the English to Indonesian movie subtitle of Guzaarish. The examples are as follow:

Level Shift
Level shift implies that at one linguistic point, a source language object has a different degree of equivalence translation in the target text/language. Level shift can occur when an SL object is equivalent in a TL translation at different language levels, e.g. grammatical or lexical (Hatim, 2014 For example, 1) the V-ing 'listening' in the SL has been translated to 'sedang mendengarkan' in the TL; 2) the V-ing 'talking' in the SL is translated to 'sedang berbicara' in the TL; 3) the V-ing 'trying' in the SL has been translated to 'sedang mencoba' in the TL; 4) the V-ing 'thinking' in the SL has been translated to 'sedang berfikir' in the TL; 5) the V-ing 'wearing' in the SL is translated into 'sedang mengenakan' in the TL. The translation above shows the level shift in English (SL) when it is translated into Indonesian (TL). The level shift used in these examples is in the tense form of simple future tense which has a formula in the nominal form of simple future tense 'S + to be (is, am, are) + going to + non-verb' which has the direct/indirect meaning 'akan'.
For example, the verb 'am going to be' in the TL is translated into 'akan menjadi'. The verbal form of simple future tense has the formula of "S + to be (is, am, are) + going to + Verb 1" or uses the base form to show a direct meaning 'akan'. For example, 1) the verb 'am going to stand' in the SL is translated to 'akan berdiri'; 2) the verb 'am going to call' in the SL has been translated to 'akan memanggil'; 3) the verb 'am going to do' in the SL has been translated to be 'akan melakukan'. For example, 1) the verb 2 'happened' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah terjadi' in the TL; 2) the verb 2 'asked' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah menyuruh' in the TL; 3) the verb 2 'made' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah membuat' in the TL; 4) the verb 2 'lied' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah membohongi' in the TL; 5) the verb 2 'prepared' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah menyiapkan' in the TL; 6) the verb 2 'passed' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah berlalu' in the TL. The translation above shows the level shift in the English SL is translated into Indonesian TL. The level shift used in these examples is in the tense form of simple present perfect tense which has a formula in the nominal form of simple present perfect tense 'S + have/has + been + non-verb' which has the meaning 'telah'.
For example, 1) the verb 'has been' in the TL has been translated to be 'telah menjadi'. Here, the structure of nominal verb 'Sofia (who) has been' follows the rule 'S + have/has + been'. In verbal form 'S + have/has + Verb 3 (participle) which has the meaning 'telah/sudah'. The other examples show the verbal form: 1) the verb 'have told' in the SL has been translated to be 'sudah bilang; 2) the verb 'have practiced' in the SL has been Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Tira Nur Fitria translated to be 'telah berlatih'; 3) the verb 'have seen' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah melihat'; 4) the verb 'have tried' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah mencoba'; 5) the verb 'has dismissed' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah menolak'; 6) the verb 'have made' in the SL has been translated to be 'sudah membuat'; 7) the verb 'has suffered' in the SL has been translated to be 'sudah menderita'; 8) the verb 'have done in the SL is translated into 'sudah lakukan'; 9) the verb 'has appealed' in the SL has been translated to be 'telah menolak'.

Category Shift
Category shift is related to the departures from formal correspondence in translation. It usually involves the four categories, they are the structure, unit/rank, class, and intra-system (Hatim, 2014). For example:

Structure Shift
A structure shift occurs when the grammatical form of the SL and TL shifts (Hatim, 2014 The translation above shows the structure shift in the English (SL) is translated into Indonesian (TL). These examples show that there are structure shifts especially in translating the phrase structure of 'head + modifier' in English (SL) into 'modifier + head' in Indonesian (TL).
For example, 1) the phrase 'this house' has been translated to be 'rumah ini' and the phrase 'this book' has been translated to be 'buku ini'. The structure of 'this book' is modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation to be 'buku ini' which has structure 'head + modifier". 2) The phrases 'radio station' and 'new producer' have been translated to be 'stasiun radio' and 'produser baru'. The structure of 'radio station' and 'new producer' is modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation is 'stasiun radio' and 'prosedur baru' which have structure 'head + modifier". 3) The phrases 'happy life' and 'radio show' have been translated to be 'happy life' and 'radio show'. The structure of 'happy life' and 'radio show is modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation is 'kehidupan bahagia' and 'acara radio' which have structure 'head + modifier". 4) The phrases 'organic food' and 'love story' have Journal of Language andLiterature Vol. 20 No. 2 -October 2020 ISSN: 1410-5691 (print);2580-5878 (online) been translated to be 'makanan organik' and 'cerita cinta'. The structure of 'organic food' and 'love story' is modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation is 'makanan organik' and 'cerita cinta' which have structure 'head + modifier". 5) The phrases 'jet black, silver grey, snow shite' have been translated to be 'hitam pekat, abu-abu perak, salju putih'. The structure of 'jet black', 'silver grey', and 'snow white' is 'modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation to be 'hitam pekat', 'abu-abu petak' and 'salju putih' which have structure 'head + modifier". 6) The phrase 'best magician' has been translated to be 'pesulap terbaik'. The structure of 'best magician' is 'modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation is 'pesulap terbaik' which has structure 'head + modifier'. 7) The phrases 'our law' and 'our religion' have been translated to be 'hukum kita' and 'agama kita'. The structure of ''our law' and 'our religion' is 'modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation is 'hukum kita' and 'agama kita' which have structure 'head + modifier'.

Rank/Unit Shift
A rank/unit shift occurs when there is no concept of strict rank-for-rank correspondence between the SL and TL units (word, expression, clause or sentence) (Hatim, 2014 : Maksudmu orang asing yang tak pulang selama bertahun-tahun?
The translation above shows the intrasystem shift in the English SL is translated into Indonesian TL. Therefore, there is an intrasystem shift especially changing the unit/rank or different grammatical class in the SL is translated into TL such as a word in the SL is changed into a phrase in the TL.
For example, 1) the word 'tigress' in the SL has been translated to be the TL to be 'macan betina'. The word 'tigress' here as word, then it is translated into 'macan betina' which shows phrase. 2) the word 'poll' in the SL has been translated to be the TL to be 'jajak pendapat'. The word 'stranger' here as word, then it is translated into 'orang asing' which shows phrase.

Class Shift
A class shift can occur when a source language item is translated to the target language system into a different grammatical class (Hatim, 2014). For example: CODE : 0116-GUZ-M SL : l've lived the last 14 years with pride.
The translation above shows class shift. The word 'pride' in the English (SL) is translated into 'bangga' in the Indonesian (TL). In SL, the word 'pride' is a noun, while in SL, its translation to be 'bangga' which refers to the adjective. Here, there is a changing of different grammatical class (class word) of a noun in SL is translated into an adjective in SL.

Intra-system Shift
An intra-system change can occur when a set of non-corresponding words within the TL system is involved (Hatim, 2014). The translation above shows intra-system shift in the English (SL) when it is translated into Indonesian (TL). Those bold words are noun plural. The plural form is usually added by the suffix -s/es in the words. In the SL, those words have been translated to be noun singular form. The Indonesian translated words should use reduplication in making a noun plural form in Indonesian grammar. As the name implies, this shift occurs in cases involving the internal system of language formation in translation. Examples such as the formation of singular and plural words, where each language has a different singular and plural forms.
Shift (transposition) is related to the location of various word class or parts of speech within a sentence that are switched based on the particular language (Fitria, 2020a). According to Chan (2004, p. 255), translation shift is related to the various ways of an expression in the source language when it is translated into the target language which involves a level shift and category shift.
The level shift occurs if items in target language (TL) at one linguistic level have an equivalent in BS at different linguistic levels. Category shift occurs when the translation of a word or phrase deviates from its formal correspondence in the target text. Category shifts are further classified into structural shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.
Below the table analysis of translation shift both level and category shifts found in the Guzaarish movie subtitle as follows: Level shift is getting at one linguistic level a source language object having equivalence at a different stage in the target language translation. Level shift means switching from grammar to lexis (Fitria, 2019). Based on the analysis, it shows the level shift of using various tenses. For example, 1) Simple present continuous tense. The level shift used in these examples is in simple present continuous tense which has formula 'S + Verb + ing' which has the direct/indirect meaning 'sedang'. 2) Simple future tense. The level shift used in these examples is in simple future tense which has a formula in the nominal form of simple future tense 'S + to be (is, am, are) + going to + non-verb' which has the meaning 'akan'. In the verbal form of simple future tense has a formula "S + to be (is, am, are) + going to + Verb 1" or using the base form to show a direct meaning 'akan'. 3) The level shift used in these examples is in simple present perfect tense which has a formula in the nominal form of simple present perfect tense 'S + have/has + been + non-verb' which has the meaning 'telah'. In verbal form 'S + have/has + Verb 3 (participle) which has the meaning 'telah/sudah'. 4) The level shift used in these examples is in simple present perfect tense which has a formula in the nominal form of simple present perfect tense 'S + have/has + been + non-verb' which has the meaning 'telah'. For example, 1) the verb 'has been' in the TL is translated into 'telah menjadi'. Here, the structure of nominal verb 'Sofia (who) has been' follows the rule 'S + have/has + been'. In verbal form 'S + have/has + Verb 3 (participle) which has the meaning 'telah/sudah'.
Category shift is related to the departures in a translation from formal correspondence. It includes shifts in structure, intra-system, rank/unit, and class. In structure shift, there is changing the phrase in the SL which has formula modifier + head'. In the TL, the translation has structure 'head + modifier". In the intra-system shift, the plural form in the SL is translated to be singular form in the TL. The plural form usually added by the suffix -s/es in the words. The translated words in the TL usually use reduplication in making a noun plural form in Indonesian grammar. In rank/unit shift, the word in the SL has been translated to be the TL to be a phrase or the phrase in the SL has been translated to be into the TL to be a word. In class shift, there is changing of the grammatical class (class word) form SL into the TL. For example, a noun in SL becomes an adjective in its translation.
Any deviation from formal correspondence or the similarity of linguistic forms in the target text as a result of the translation process is called a translation shift. In other words, the translation shift occurs if the translation of words and sentences in the TL is not a formal (linguistic form) correspondence of words and sentences from the source text. Because translators can sometimes find formal correspondence and sometimes not, the translation process can result in a shift in translation or not. Shifts can be mandatory if the TL system demands it, or optional if the shift is made for personal referential reasons, such as writing style.

Conclusion
This research is about whether or not the English into Indonesian translation of the movie subtitle is correct, but rather an analysis of the shift in the translation of film subtitles in the source language (SL) and target language (TL).
The analysis shows that there are translation shifts in the Guzaarish movie subtitle. The type of shifts found is both level and category shift as 242 data. The level shift shows 93 data or 38.43% while the category shift shows the total data of 149 data or 61.57%. It also shows that the most frequent/dominant type of shift in Guzaarish movie subtitle is the category shift.
In the transfer process of translation, a translator usually turns the source language into the target language by paying attention to various adjustments and even shifts. This theory highlights changes syntactically and semantically to produce an acceptable and equivalent translation. Linguistically, shifts Journal of Language and Literature ISSN: 1410-5691 (print); 2580-5878 (online) Tira Nur Fitria can be formed as a result of defining concrete objects and abstract meaning of words of language only applies.
In this study there are still many aspects that can be studied by other researchers who read this research, like the type of translation or readability in the translation, so there will be a new study of data in English. This research can still be continued by other researchers who want to study shifting translations. This research can be continued regarding other factors that can affect the quality of translation in movie subtitle or the other topics.