IDIOMS CONTAINING THE WORD HATI AND TRANSITIVE VERBS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

This article presents a research result on idioms containing the word hati and transitive verbs in Bahasa Indonesia. This article is a part of a research on idioms containing hati in Bahasa Indonesia. Through this research, it is found that transitive verbs which can be combined with hati are transitive verbs that are formed in me(N)-+word base+(i/kan) so the idioms containing hati and transitive verb having the me(N)-+word base+(i/kan) structure. Other than that, this research also found 77 idioms containing hati and transitive verbs. From its meaning, those 77 idioms consist of (i) 16 idioms whose meaning is ‘to persuade or to look for attention’ (ii) 11 idioms whose meaning is ‘to make happy’ (iii) 8 idioms whose meaning is ‘lifting up the mood’ (iv) 5 idioms whose meaning is ‘to tolerate’ (v) 8 idioms whose meaning is ‘to make feeling better’, (vi) 8 idioms whose meaning is ‘to make angry’, (vii) 5 idioms whose meaning is ‘to terrify’, and (viii) 16 idioms whose meaning is ‘to make feeling sad or to feel bad’.


Introduction
The word hati is one of the most productive idiom-forming elements in Bahasa Indonesia.In Kamus Ungkapan Bahsa Indonesia by Badudu (1981), there are at least 78 idioms that have 'hati' as an element.In Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Idiom dictionary) by Chaer (1984), there are at least 296 idioms that have hati as its element.Nowadays, idiom's formation involving hati is more productive.We often hear idiomatic expressions, for example, "berbicara dari hati ke hati" (talking heart to heart), "memimpin dengan hati" (leading with the heart), bekerja dengan hati (working with the heart -working sincerely), melayani dengan hati (serving with the heart -working wholeheartedly) etc.
Based on its form, an idioms containing hati could be in a form of word, phrase, clause, and sentence.Idioms which come in the form of a word are prefixes (for example, memperhatikan (pay attention), diperhatikan (being concerned), perhatian (attention)), repetition (for example, hati-hati (caution), berhati-hati (be careful)), and compound (for example, setengah hati or doing something half-heartedly (Chaer 1984:174)).Idiom which comes in a form of a phrase is dari hati ke hati or 'talking heart to heart' (Chaer 1984: 53).Idiom which comes in a form of a clause, for example, is mengambil hati (taking the heart -winning the heart) (Chaer, 1984, p.17).
Idioms containing hati and transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia will be discussed in this article.There are two things that become the concerns of this article.The first was the form of transitive verb that can be joined with the word hati to form an idiom.For example, a verb that is formed in me(N)-+word base just like membakar (burn) can join hati so that it formed idiom membakar hati (to make somebody jealous, envy) (Chaer, 1984, p.25).Therefore, the first problem that will be discussed is "what kind of transitive verb can the word hati combine to form an idiom?" The second thing that will be discussed is the meaning of idioms containing hati and transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia.There is a group of idiom that belongs to the same semantic field.For example, membesarkan hati (to enlarge the heart) or 'to encourage' (Chaer, 1984, p.34), membuka hati (to open the heart) or 'to make somebody realize' (Chaer, 1984, p.38), membulatkan hati (to round the heart) or 'having a strong willingness to do something' (Chaer, 1984, p.40).So, the second problem that is discussed in this article is "what is the semantic field of idiom which involves hati and a transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia?"These two problems are described in an integrated manner.

Theory
Some literatures have discussed idioms in Bahasa Indonesia.Based on its discussion scope, literature which had discussed idioms in Bahasa Indonesia can be differentiated into three groups, those are (i) literature that had discussed idioms generally, (ii) literature that had discussed idiom specifically, and (iii) literature that reviewing idioms containing hati as its part.
Literatures that discussed idiom in Bahasa Indonesia in general are by Hartati and Wijana (2003), Sari (2010), Abdul Khak (2011), andSuyatno (2012).Hartati and Wijana (20003) examine idioms in Indonesian from the aspects of form, category, and type of idiom.Sari (2010) was reviewing idioms in the novel Sang Pemimpi from the point of grammatical units, categories, and types of idioms.Abdul Khak (2011, pp.141-153) talked about idiom in Bahasa Indonesia in terms of structure and meaning.Suyatno (2012) was researching idioms in the Indonesian language extensively, namely the constituent elements, reference sources, scope of use, patterns of meaning, culture, use motives, and the phenomenon of its development.
Literatures which discussed idioms in Bahasa Indonesia from specific aspects are Kridalaksana (1998), Kurniawati (2005), Anjarwati (2005), Kristina (2006), Baryadi (2013), andHaiyan (2016).Kridalaksana (1998, pp.131-132) discussed idiomatic phrases that have a verb as its element, like angkat tangan "to raise hands" (give up), membawa diri (present ourselves), and membanting tulang "to crush the bones" (drudge).Kurniawati (2005) had discussed idiomatic plurals which are found in Fantasy magazine of 2003 in terms of category and types of idiom.Anjarwati (2005) researched about idioms that have human body part as its element from the constituent elements.Kristina (2006) studied about animalbased idioms in the Indonesian name of the type of animal name that can form an idiom, a category of words that can join the animal name, and its pattern.Baryadi (2013, pp.46-62) researched the idioms containing verbs in bahasa Indonesia from the aspect of verb form and any other word category that fit with verbs to form an idiom.Haiyan (2016) compared animal idioms in Mandarin and Bahasa Indonesia from its definition, origin, linguistic aspect, and cultural anthropology.
Literature which discussed idioms containing hati in Bahasa Indonesia is Baryadi (2016, pp.18-26).Baryadi (2016, pp.18-26) discussed about idioms containing hati and adjective in Bahasa Indonesia from aspect of referents.From that research, 83 idioms containing hati and adverbs in Bahasa Indonesia were found.Based on the referent, the idioms of the word hati and the adjective consisting of 25 idioms that express good characters, 16 idioms that express bad characters, 14 idioms which state good conscience, and 28 idioms that state bad conscience.
From those literatures reviewed, it is revealed that there has been no research on idioms containing hati and a transitive verb in bahasa Indonesia yet.This is the reason why idiom containing hati and transitive verb becomes the main discussion of this article.In addition to the reasons, idioms containing hati and transitive verb becomes the object of research because there is an aim to be achieved, (i) to reveal the transitive form which could join with the word hati to make idiom and (ii) idiom's semantic field involving hati and transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia.This part will explain the basic terms used as the conceptual basis for analyzing idiom data in terms of conscience and transitive verbs in the Indonesian language.The terms in question are idioms, the word hati, transitive verbs, and semantic fields.
Idiom is a 'language unit (can be words, phrases, and sentences) whose meaning cannot be predicted from the elements' lexical meaning or grammatical meaning (Chaer 1990, p.76).Based on the definition, idiom has two characteristics, (i) a language unit that can be in the form of a word, a phrase, and a sentence and (ii) idiomatic meaning cannot be predicted only from its lexical or grammatical meaning of its element.The word burung (bird) in kabar burung (rumors) (Chaer 1984:82), plural patah hati (broken-hearted) (Chaer, 1984, p.134), phrase dari hati ke hati or 'talking directly heart to heart' (Chaer, 1984, p.53), clause membakar hati (to burn the heart) 'to cause somebody jealous' (Chaer, 1984, p.25), and sentence terbuka hatinya (to open the heart) or 'realizing something' were included as idioms because the meaning cannot be predicted from its lexical or grammatical units.
There is a formula which can be used to differentiate the construction of idiom and non-idiom.The formula of idiom is A+B that will mean C, while the construction of non-idiom is A+B that will have meaning AB (Alwi, 2003, p.151).This formula could be presented by examples of word combining mencuri hati (to steal the heart) and mencuri uang (to steal money).The combination of mencuri 'to steal' (A) and hati (B) would be mencuri hati which does not mean 'mencuri (A) and hati (B)' but it means to cause someone to feel love or affection (C).(Chaer, 1984, p.49).The combination of mencuri uang isn't an idiom because the combination of mencuri 'stealing' (A) and uang 'money' (B)" means to steal money literally.The establishment of idiomatic meaning is based on tacit agreement of language users.
There are at least seven meanings of hati based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat (the Fourth Edition of Indonesia Dictionary) (2008, pp.486-487).First, as an anatomical term, the words hati means 'Reddish-colored organs in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, it is usually used to absorb the juices in the blood and produce bile'.Second, the word hati means 'Meat from the liver as food (especially from animal hearts slaughter)'.Third, the word hati means 'heart'.Fourth, the word hati means 'something that is in human body that is considered as the place for all feelings and a place to store understandings (feelings etc)'.Fifth, the word hati means 'the deepest part (about fruit, branches, plants, etc)'.Sixth, the word hati means 'human characteristic'.Seventh, the word hati means 'everything that is feeling inside'.From those seven meanings, the meaning which is relevant to this research object is the fourth, sixth, and seventh meanings, namely 'batin', 'jiwa'(soul), or 'perasaan' (feeling) Transitive verb is a verb which (i) begins with me(N)-, (ii) has verbal balance begin with di-, (iii) demands an object in a clause.For example, the word memberi (giving) in the idiom memberi hati "to give the heart" (giving affection) (Chaer 1984:33) is a transitive verb because it begins with me(N)-, has a verbal beginning with diwhich is diberi (given), and demands an object in its clause, i.e. the word hati.
In this discussion, the semantic field was understood as an abstraction of the similarity of meaning between linguistic units.Semantic field can be symbolized using one of the language units.One of the language units has more abstract meaning or more general than any other language units.This language unit that has abstract meaning is known as hypernym or superordinate.The language unit that has more specific meaning is known as hyponym or subordinate.

Method
This research was conducted by collecting data, analyzing data, and presenting the result of the data analysis.Metode simak (observation method) was employed in this research by observing idioms containing hati and a transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia from data sources.Then the method was executed by taking note technique, which means writing idioms containing hati and transitive verb in Bahasa Indonesia on the data record.Indonesian Idiom Dictionary by Caher (1984) was used as data sources.After being collected, the data was classified based on its meaning.
Later, the data that has been classified is being analyzed using metode distribusional (distributional method) and metode padan (equivalence method).Distributional method is a data analysis method whose instrument was part of the language itself (Sudaryanto, 2015, p.15).Distributional method applied by teknik markah (mark-up technique), teknik parafrasa (paraphrase technique), and teknik perluasan (expansion technique).Those three techniques are used to give evidence whether the word that follows hati is a transitive verb or not.Mark -up technique was applied to give evidence that the transitive verb has me(N)as its prefix, for example, memberi, melapangkan, and melukai.By applying the paraphrase technique, it could be proven that transitive verbs are equivalent with the transitive verb that has prefix di-, for example, diberi, dilapangkan, and dilukai.From the expansion technique, it is proven that transitive verb is indeed demanding an object which in this case is hati itself so it forms idioms memberi hati, melapangkan hati, and melukai hati.This expansion technique is also used to give evidence to a language's idiomatic unit (Wijana, 2016, p.34).An idiomatic language unit cannot be expanded by giving attribute to its idiom, for example makan hati or 'sadness' cannot be expanded to makan hati ayam or 'to eat chicken's liver' because the meaning will be different and not idiomatic.
Metode padan or equivalence method is a method which the instrument is outside and regardless to a language that correspond (Sudaryanto, 2015, p.15).Metode padan that was applied on this research was metode padan referensial, which is a method in which the source is a referent or a fact that was shown by its language or language referent.(Sudaryanto, 2015, p.15).In this research, metode padan is used to give evidence of the meaning of idioms containing hati and a transitive verb.For example, memikat hati or 'to be appealing' (Chaer, 1984, p.139), mengikat hati or 'impressive' (Chaer, 1984, p.73), menghampiri hatinya or 'to impress somebody' (Chaer 1984:68), menyanjung hati or 'to give somebody compliment/ to make somebody happy' (Chaer, 1984, p.154), and menawari hati or 'to persuade' (Chaer, 1984, p.170) have a similar meaning, that is to persuade or to look for attention.
Data analysis shows lists of idioms containing hati and transitive verbs in Bahasa Indonesia and its meaning.The idiom lists and its meaning will be shown in tables.The method of data analysis report is called formal methodology (Sudaryanto, 2015, p.241)

Findings and Discussion
Through this research, there are 77 idioms containing the word hati and a transitive verb as its element in Bahasa Indonesia.Transitive verbs that can be combined with the word hati to make idioms consisted of three parts.First, is transitive verb that is formed by me(N)-+word base, for example mengetuk (knock) in mengetuk hati (to knock on someone's heart) or 'lifting up somebody's consciousness to help people' (Chaer, 1984, p.91).Second, transitive verb that has me(N)-+word base+kan, for example melembutkan (soften) in melembutkan hati (to soften the heart) or 'to make somebody happy/to get rid of anger' (Chaer, 1984, p.108).Third, transitive verb of me(N)-+word base+i, for example melukai (hurt) in melukai hati 'to hurt somebody's feeling' (Chaer, 1984, p.108).Those three transitive verbs could be combined in one formula, me(N)-+word base+(i/kan).Therefore, idioms containing hati and transitive verb has me(N)-+word base+-(i/-kan)+hati structure.Idiom which has me(N)-+word base+-(i/kan)+hati is considered as a clause with me(N)-+word base+-(i/-kan) as its predicate and hati as its object.
Based on its semantic field, idioms containing the word hati and a transitive verb consist of 8 types, there were idiom that means (i) persuade or to look for attention, (ii) to make somebody happy, (iii) to lift up the mood, (iv) to tolerate, (v) to make feeling better, (vi) to make somebody angry, (vii) to scare somebody, (viii) to make somebody feel sad.The examination of each idiom containing the word hati and transitive verb is provided below.
There were 16 idioms found whose meaning is equivalent to 'to make somebody feeling sad/bad'.The lists of idiom mentioned before is provided in the table below.(Chaer, 1984, p.68) Sadden.

Conclusion
From this research, 77 idioms containing the word hati and a transitive verb are found as the element of idioms in Bahasa Indonesia.Transitive verbs that can be combined with the word hati to form an idiom consist of three types.First, transitive verbs with me(N)-+word base structure, for example, mengetuk (knock) in mengetuk hati (to make someone realize to help other people) (Chaer, 1984, p.91).Second, transitive verb with me(N)-+word base+kan structure, for example melembutkan (soften) in melembutkan hati or to make happy, to cast out anger (Chaer, 1984, p.101).Third, transitive verbs with me(N)-+word base+i structure, for example melukai in melukai hati (to hurt somebody's feeling/to make somebody angry) (Chaer, 1984, p.108).Those three types of transitive verbs can be formulated into me(N)-+word base+(-i/-kan).Therefore, the structures of idioms containing hati and transitive verb is me(N)-+word base+(-i/-kan) + hati.Idiom which has me(N)-+word base+-(i/-kan)+hati is considered as a clause with me(N)-+word base+-(i/-kan) as its predicate and hati as its object.
Based on its meaning, 77 idioms containing hati and a transitive verb in bahasa Indonesia consisting of (i) 16 idioms whose meaning is 'to persuade' or 'to look for attention," (ii) 11 idioms whose meaning is "to make happy," (iii) 8 idioms whose meaning is "to lift up the mood," (iv) 5 idioms whose meaning is 'to tolerate' (v) 8 idioms whose meaning is 'to make the feeling better,' (vi) 8 idioms whose meaning is 'to make angry,' (vii) 5 idioms whose meaning is 'to terrify,' and (viii) 16 idioms whose meaning is 'to make feeling sad or to feel bad'.