ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH INTERVIEWEES ’ LEVEL OF TRUSTWORTHINESS IN GIVING INFORMATION DURING THE MAKING OF INVESTIGATION REPORTS : A CASE STUDY IN SITUBONDO POLICE STATION

This research analyzes the level of interviewees’ trustworthiness in giving information during the making of investigation reports in Situbondo Police Station. Searle’s theory of speech acts is used to analyze the data. The level of the interviewees’ trustworthiness is based on the information given by the police officers, which is integrated with the result of the illocutionary act analysis. This qualitative descriptive research produces deep descriptions of the utterances stated by interviewees. Taxonomic analysis proposed by Spreadly is used to classify the data based on the types of illocutionary acts found. Componential analysis is used to reveal the interrelationship between variables. The result of this research reveals that there is a strong relationship between an interviewees’ trustworthiness and kinds of illocutionary acts, and that assertive, which produces a large number of less trustworthy utterances, is the most frequently found illocutionary act. Keyword: speech acts, investigation, level of trustworthiness Introduction The rising number of criminal cases is no longer a strange matter in Indonesia. Criminal cases might happen anywhere. Along with this issue, the duty of the police officers increases as well. Conducting investigations is one of them. In conducting investigations special abilities are needed by investigators. The ability to communicate, the ability to make questions that can reveal the motives of the crimes committed, and the ability to disclose the secrets of the suspects are included in the category of capabilities that must be possessed by investigators. Investigation processes are done to uncover the motives for crimes committed. Investigation is not an easy thing to do because the reported party does not always disclose the motives. Therefore, the researchers examined the investigation processes of several criminal cases Situbondo Police Station. Investigation processes are related to the question and answer processes that are carried out by investigators and interviewees. In this study, the investigation IJHS, e-ISSN 2597-4718, p-ISSN 2597-470X, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 2019, pp. 158-166 159 processes were examined with pragmatics, a branch of linguistics that discusses languages in their application. This research focused on speech acts carried out by investigators and interviewees. Therefore, the research problems were formulated in a number of ways, namely the types of illocutionary acts found during the investigation processes and how the use of illocutionary acts influences the interviewee’s trustworthiness. Related researches have been carried out by several researchers. Hadyani (2014) in her research, examined the types of questions, responses and presuppositions that emerged in investigative interview processes. The research findings show that in the case of fraud and embezzlement, most of the questions are open and a small number of questions are closed. Meanwhile, in the case of dump truck theft, most of the questions are open and a small number of questions are closed. Another research that is also still related to this study has been conducted by Aziz (2014). His research on forensic linguistics focuses on the quality of the question formulas put forward by police investigators and their relation to the potential for full and correct disclosure of information provided, the construction of discourse developed by police investigators to disclose information specifically in relation to the strategy of changing the topic of conversation during the investigation, and the level of compliance or regularity of police investigators in compiling BAP as a report containing complete information.


Introduction
The rising number of criminal cases is no longer a strange matter in Indonesia.Criminal cases might happen anywhere.Along with this issue, the duty of the police officers increases as well.Conducting investigations is one of them.In conducting investigations special abilities are needed by investigators.The ability to communicate, the ability to make questions that can reveal the motives of the crimes committed, and the ability to disclose the secrets of the suspects are included in the category of capabilities that must be possessed by investigators.Investigation processes are done to uncover the motives for crimes committed.Investigation is not an easy thing to do because the reported party does not always disclose the motives.Therefore, the researchers examined the investigation processes of several criminal cases Situbondo Police Station.
Investigation processes are related to the question and answer processes that are carried out by investigators and interviewees.In this study, the investigation processes were examined with pragmatics, a branch of linguistics that discusses languages in their application.
This research focused on speech acts carried out by investigators and interviewees.Therefore, the research problems were formulated in a number of ways, namely the types of illocutionary acts found during the investigation processes and how the use of illocutionary acts influences the interviewee's trustworthiness.
Related researches have been carried out by several researchers.Hadyani (2014) in her research, examined the types of questions, responses and presuppositions that emerged in investigative interview processes.The research findings show that in the case of fraud and embezzlement, most of the questions are open and a small number of questions are closed.Meanwhile, in the case of dump truck theft, most of the questions are open and a small number of questions are closed.Another research that is also still related to this study has been conducted by Aziz (2014).His research on forensic linguistics focuses on the quality of the question formulas put forward by police investigators and their relation to the potential for full and correct disclosure of information provided, the construction of discourse developed by police investigators to disclose information specifically in relation to the strategy of changing the topic of conversation during the investigation, and the level of compliance or regularity of police investigators in compiling BAP as a report containing complete information.

Speech Acts
Speech Acts is a concept first proposed by John L. Austin in his book How to Do Things with Words (1962).Austin was the first person to express the idea that language can be used to take action through a distinction between a constative utterance and a performative utterance.Constative tests describe or report the events or circumstances of the world.Thus, the constative utterances can be said to be true or false.
Grammatically, according to Austin, performative speech in English is characterized by the use of the first person subject and the present verb.In addition, performative speech also has several requirements so that it can considered valid.These conditions are usually called 'Felicity conditions' (Parker, 1986: 13-15;Wijana, 1996: 24-27;Grundy, 2000: 53;Holtgraves, 2002: 11;Nadar, 2009: 12-14) Speech validity consists of, 1) the actor and the speech situation must be appropriate; 2) actions must be carried out correctly and completely by speakers and interlocutors; 3) the offender must have appropriate intentions.Speeches such as "Please come here for dinner tonight' is a valid inviting speech if the speaker has actually prepared a dinner for the evening guests.However, the speech is invalid if the speaker does not prepare any food that night.
Austin distinguishes three types of actions related to speech, namely: Locution, which is the act of pronouncing a sentence according to the meaning of the word or the meaning of the sentence; Illocution, which is the act of doing something; and Perlocution, which is the effects produced when speakers say something.
Austin's understanding was followed up by J.R. Searle in his book entitled Speech Acts.Moving on from Austin's thinking about performative speech, Searle (1969) developed the hypothesis that each speech means action.Illocutionary action is a central part in the study of speech acts.There are five types of illocutionary acts as revealed by Searle (1985), among others:  Assertive, namely the form of speech that binds the speaker of the truth to what is said (eg, states, suggests, reports, preaches, shows, mentions). Commissive, speech forms that express certain promises or offers (eg swearing, threatening, promising, and offering something). Directive, the form of speech performed by the speaker with the intention that the opponent is saying what the speaker wants to do (for example: ordering, ordering, begging, asking, demanding, and inviting). Expressive, the form of speech that functions to express or show the psychological attitude of the speaker to a particular situation (for example: praise, criticize, congratulate, thank, apologize, condolence). Declaration, a form of speech that how the content of speech is related to reality (for example deciding, prohibiting, cancelling, firing, naming, lifting, ostracizing, punishing).In addition to the five types of speech acts mentioned by Searle, Finegan (1992, 307-308) adds one more type of speech action, namely verdictive.Verdictive is described as a speech act that makes a guess or judgment (for example regulating, judging, forgiving).

Research Method
This is a descriptive qualitative research which describes the principle of cooperation used by the reported parties at the time of investigation at the Situbondo Police Station.Bogdan and Taylor (1992: 21-22) explain that qualitative research is one of the research procedures that produce descriptive data in the form of speech or writing and the behaviour of the people observed.
The data of this study were illocutionary acts uttered interviewees.In addition, it is said that qualitative research is a type of research that does not include numbers and calculations.In this study the data are the result of field observation at the Police Station.The numbers that appear in this study were only supporting tools to obtain the final results.The main sources of data used by researchers were the interviewees, who were interviewed during the investigation process.The secondary source of data were the investigators.
This research is referred to as a fixed case study because before the research was conducted, the problems were formulated.In this study, the researchers analysed the use of illocutionary speech acts uttered by the interviewees at the Situbondo Police Station, as well as their relationships with the levels of trustworthiness.
Data collection techniques used in this study were sampling techniques (sampling), document analysis, and questionnaires.

Sampling Technique
The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling or also called criterion-based sampling.Sampling technique is a way to determine a sample whose amount is in accordance with the sample size that is used as the actual data source, taking into account the characteristics and distribution of populations to obtain samples that represent the population (Hadari Nawawi, 1995: 152).According to H.B. Sutopo (1988), "footage is a special form, or a process that is common in concentration or selection in research that leads to selection".With this technique the selection of informants is done based on the criteria previously mentioned.This sampling technique is also what the writer used to determine the data source needed.

Document Analysis
This analysis technique is carried out through reading and recording techniques.Document analysis technique (content analysis) is a way to find various things according to their needs and research objectives (Yin in Sutopo, 2006: 81).Sutopo (2002: 69-70) also said that in content analysis researchers are not merely recording important contents expressed in documents or archives, but also the meanings implied.Because the documents are in the form of speech transcripts, the authors carried out the document analysis process starting from the investigation process, and paid attention to the illocutionary speech acts used by the reporters, classified the types of illocutionary speech acts that occurred, then analysed the levels of trustworthiness through the illocutionary acts used.

Interview
Interviews were conducted to obtain in-depth information about the level of trustworthiness.This stage was carried out after obtaining data and the results of the illocutionary speech act analysis.To improve the accuracy of the results of this study, the researcher used source triangulation and method triangulation.According to Bungin (2007: 252) the triangulation process was carried out continuously throughout the process of collecting data until one day the researchers were convinced that there were no more differences, and there was nothing else that needed to be confirmed to the informant.

Source Triangulation
Source triangulation is a technique of providing varied data sources (Santosa, 2012: 47).In other words, data obtained from document analysis is compared with data obtained from interviewees.With this comparison, the data obtained are accountable.Santosa (2012) states that this is related to the technique of obtaining or collecting data.In this study there are two methods used which are data analysis and interviews.The two results of the study with two different methods are then compared.By reviewing the data with different methods, validated data were produced.

Method
This study used content analysis with a contrastive and ethnographic analysis approach.The analysis was carried out by contrasting the information conveyed by the interviewees with the information provided by the investigator.After that the analysis was continued by looking at the relationships between the parts in the data or the elements involved.
The analysis technique according to Spradley (1980) includes four steps of analysis: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis.

Domain Analysis
Domain analysis is used to analyse images of research objects in general or at the surface level, but relatively intact about the object of the research (Bungin, 2007: 204).Data selection is done at this stage.The data in this study are illocutionary speech acts used by the reported party in giving information in the investigation room of the Situbondo Police Station.

Taxonomic Analysis
Taxonomy analysis is an analysis that focuses on a particular domain or subdomain.This analysis classify a large number of data into groups based on the natural category of the object discussed (Santosa, 2012: 60).At this stage, the data obtained were classified into the types of illocutionary speech acts used.Componential Analysis Santosa (2012: 63) explained that "computational analysis basically connects the components or aspects (in this case is the category) that has been done on taxonomic analysis."Componential analysis is used to analyse relationships between the two elements.In this study, this stage includes the relationship between types of illocutionary speech acts on the levels of trustworthiness.

Assertive
Assertive speech acts are forms of speech that bind the speaker to the truth of what is being said (eg, states, suggests, reports, preaches, shows, mentions) P: Misnadi, sebelum natta 'oreng, minta restu ka empian?(did Misnadi asks for your permission before killing someone?) A: Benni minta restu natta'a oreng.Kule moliya ka Didi, Pak.(he did not ask for my permission to hack people, but he only said "I want to go home to Didi's house.")

Interview Data
In the data, the answer to the examinee is an example of assertive speech.In his speech, the interviewee gave a report or statement to the investigator that Misnadi, who was the biological child, did not ask for his permission to hack people.The suspect (Miswandi) only said he would go home to his wife's house (Didi).

Directive
This speech act is a form of speech that is carried out by the speaker with the intention that the opponent is doing what the speaker wants (for example: ordering, telling, begging, asking, demanding, and inviting).P: nike celuritta empian?(Whose 'celurit'(sickle) is this?) J: tak oning, atanya ka Miswandi.(I don't know, just ask Miswadi.) The data above shows directive speech where the utterance of the interviewee binds the opponent, namely the investigator to do something as desired by him.In this case, the investigator asked the interviewee about the possession of the sickle.The examiner did not only answer that he did not know whose sickle that was, but also told the investigator to confirm Miswandi.

Commissive
Commissive speech act is a form of speech used to express certain promises or offers (such as swearing, threatening, promising, offering something).P: bisa diambil?(Can we take it?)A: bisa kalau ditebus.(If it is redeemed, yes.) In the speech above, the examined answer is categorized as a commissive speech.Commissive speech is a speech that binds the speaker to do something as said.In the conversation, the investigator asked the examiner whether the last car pawned by the examinee could be taken back.The examiner replied that the car could be taken back on condition that it provided a ransom.Examination that said the car could be taken if he gave a ransom was a commissive speech because the speaker offered to the opponent he said that he would do something (redeem) the car with a ransom.

Expressive
Expressive is a form of speech that functions to express or show the psychological attitude of the speaker to a particular situation (for example: praising, criticizing, congratulating, thanking, apologizing, offering condolences).P: Kenapa?(Why?) A: Saya juga salah, Pak, tak pikir-pikir.(I am also guilty, sir, for not thinking about it. The data above is an example of expressive speech acts.The examinee's statement showed that he felt guilty for removing the storage card of his belongings containing the camera.The speaker revealed what he felt (guilty) for the incident.In this case, the investigator asked the reason the investigator had recalled the lawsuit against the shop where the camera was missing.The examiner reasoned that the store was not entirely guilty of the incident because he was examined himself who had removed the card for the storage of his belongings.

Declarative
This speech act is a form of speech that connects the content of speech with reality (for example deciding, prohibiting, canceling, firing, naming, lifting, ostracizing, punishing).P: trus kelanjutannya gimana?(What do you do then?)J: mau ditarik, Pak, laporannya.(I want to withdraw the report, Sir.) The speech is a declaration statement.During the conversation, the investigator asked about how the reports of the investigators were investigated in the case of the loss of the Nikon brand camera belonging to the examinee in a shopping place / shop.The examiner replies that he will withdraw his report or claim against the store.Examinations that were examined to withdraw his report caused the status of the store where the incident occurred which had previously been reported as being free.Therefore, the utterances of the abused above are included in the utterances of the declaration.

Discussion
In its implementation, this study found 137 data that could be classified into five types of speech acts as explained in the following table.Assertive speech acts are a type of speech act that is most often used by being examined in the investigation process at Situbondo Regional Police Station (93%).As a type of speech act that theoretically, is tied to reality, this speech act indicates that many speeches in this category have a high level of trustworthiness.Of the 127 data that used this speech act, there were 75 data (59%) with a high level of trustworthiness: 47 (37%) included in the medium category, and 28 (22%) were in the low category.
Directive speech acts and expressive speech acts in this study do not produce any speech that has a high degree of trustworthiness.There are four data in this category; three data are moderate and one is low.As a speech act whose speech is considered an evaluation, expressive speech acts produce four data, all of which are low in terms of the trustworthiness.
Commissive speech act are the least used speech acts of 137 data found, there is only 1 (one) datum included in the category of speech acts that require the speaker to carry out all the things in his speech.The only datum in this category is highly trustworthy.Similar to commissive speech acts, declarative speech acts also fall into in the category of speech acts that are rarely found in the investigation process at the Situbondo Police Station.There is only one datum in this category.However, in contrast to assertive speech acts, the use of this speech act in this study are untrustworthy.

Conclusion
Assertive speech acts are speech acts that are most often used by interviewees during the investigation process.Commissive speech acts are the least used speech acts of 137 data found, there is only 1 (one) datum which fall into the category of speech acts that require the speaker to carry out all the things in his speech.This study also found a relationship between the uses of speech acts and the levels of trustworthiness.Overall, the five types of speech acts initiated by Searle can be found during the investigation process at Situbondo Regional Police Station, and each type has its own tendency.Commissive speech acts tend to produce trusted utterances.Expressive speech acts, on the contrary, tend to produce untrustworthy utterances.
The results of this study can be used as a baseline by researchers and investigators to determine the levels of reliability of the answers given by the interviewer in an investigation process.In addition, these results can also be used as a basis for conducting further research that can be linked to other factors, such as analysis of gestures during the investment and so on.